VFI-L10- reaching for the skies Flashcards
- in spite of the fact that …
- an actual event = a reality
- go through an experience = undergo
- the force or pull from the Earth = gravity
- get used to a change in condition = acclimatize ( خو گرفتن)
*drive something forward = propel (بجلو راندن، سوق دادن، بردن، حرکت دادن) - more than= in excess of
*stay up in the air or in water = float
*entering the Earth’s atmosphere again = re-entry
- space exploration
*gravitational pull
- atmosphere (n) / atmospheric (adj)
*cosmos (n) / cosmic (adj) (کیهان) - galaxy (n)/ galactic (adj)
- gravity ( n) / gravitational (adj)
*horizon (n) / horizontal (adj) (فضا)
*universe (n) / universal (adj) (جهان، گیتی)
- moon (n) / lunar (adj)
*meteor (n) / meteoric (adj) (شهاب)
*sun (n) / solar (adj)
*star (n) / stellar (adj)
*Earth (n) / terrestrial (adj)
- astronaut
*atmosphere - commercial (بازرگانی)
*explorer
*launch - float (شناور شدن)
- outer (خارجی,بیرونی)
- weightlessness
- undergo (تحمل کردن، دستخوش چیزی شدن، متحمل چیزی شدن)
*acclimatize (خو گرفتن)
*propel (بجلو راندن، سوق دادن)
*solar system
substantial (adjective)
/səbˈstænʃl/
1- large in amount, value, or importance
= considerable
*substantial sums of money
2- [usually before noun] (formal) large and solid; strongly built
*a substantial house
(مهم,ذاتی، جسمی، اساسی، محکم، قابل توجه)
sustain (verb)
/səˈsteɪn/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they sustain
he / she / it sustains
past simple sustained
-ing form sustaining
1- sustain somebody/something to provide enough of what someone or something needs in order to live or exist
*Which planets can sustain life?
2- sustain something to make something continue for some time without becoming less
= maintain
*a period of sustained economic growth
3- sustain something (formal) to experience something bad
= suffer
*to sustain damage/an injury/a defeat
4- sustain something to provide evidence to support an opinion, a theory, etc.
= uphold
*The evidence is not detailed enough to sustain his argument.
5- sustain something (formal) to support a weight without breaking or falling
= bear
*The ice will not sustain your weight.
6- sustain something (law) to decide that a claim, etc. is valid
= uphold
*The court sustained his claim that the contract was illegal.
(نگه داشتن,ثابت، تند، پایدار نگهداشتن، متحمل شدن، تحمل کردن، تقویت کردن، حمایت کردن)
composition (noun)
/ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃn/
1- [uncountable] the different parts that something is made of; the way in which the different parts are organized
*the chemical composition of the soil
2- [countable] a piece of music or art, or a poem
*one of Beethoven’s finest compositions
3- [uncountable] the act of composing something
*pieces performed in the order of their composition
4- [uncountable] the art of writing music
*to study composition
5- [countable] a short text that is written as a school exercise; a short essay.
6- [uncountable] (art) the arrangement of people or objects in a painting or photograph
(آهنگسازی,انشاء، سرایش، قطعه هنری، ترکیب، ساخت، صلح، آرایش یگان، سازمان)
manned (adjective)
/mænd/
—
on board (idiom)
- if a machine, a vehicle, a place, or an activity is manned, it has or needs a person to control or operate it
&Opposite unmanned
*manned space flight
—
-on or in a ship, an aircraft, or a train
= aboard
*Have the passengers gone on board yet?
*giving your support to an idea or a project
*We must get more sponsors on board.
crew (noun)
/kru/
(خدمه,کارکنان کشتی، جاشویان، تیم پاروزنان و سکاندار، خدمه (ی کشتی)، خدمه جنگ افزار)
inevitable (adjective)
/ɪnˈɛvət̮əbl/
—
inevitability (noun [uncountable, singular])
/ɪnˌɛvət̮əˈbɪlət̮i/
1- that you cannot avoid or prevent
= unavoidable
*It was an inevitable consequence of the decision.
2- [only before noun] (often humorous) so frequent that you always expect it
*toddlers and their inevitable tantrums
3- the inevitable noun [singular] something that is certain to happen
*You have to accept the inevitable.
—
*the inevitability of death
debris (noun)
/dəˈbri/ , /deɪˈbri/
[uncountable]
1- pieces of wood, metal, brick, etc., that are left after something has been destroyed
*Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash.
2- (formal) pieces of material that are not wanted and trash that is left somewhere
*Clear away leaves and other garden debris from the pond.
(آوار,خاک و شن، قلوه سنگ، خرده، باقی مانده، آثار مخروبه، آشغال روی هم ریخته)
uninhabited (adjective)
/ˌʌnɪnˈhæbət̮əd/
- with no people living there; not inhabited
*an uninhabited island
souvenir (noun)
/ˌsuvəˈnɪr/
- a thing that you buy and/or keep to remind yourself of a place, an occasion, or a vacation; something that you bring back for other people when you have been on vacation
= memento
*I bought the ring as a souvenir of Greece.
*a souvenir shop
(سوغاتی، یادگاری,یادگار، یادبود، خاطره، ره آورد)
litter (verb)
/ˈlɪt̮ər/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they litter
he / she / it litters
past simple littered
-ing form littering
1- [transitive] litter something to be spread around a place, making it look messy
*Piles of books and newspapers littered the floor.
2- [transitive, usually passive, intransitive] litter (something) (with something) to leave things in a place, making it look messy
*The floor was littered with papers.
3- [transitive] be littered with something to contain or involve a lot of a particular type of thing, usually something bad
*Your essay is littered with spelling mistakes.
(آشغال، زباله,آشغال پاشیدن، تخته پهن، چیزهای غیر ضروری، تخت روان، کجاوه، محمل، وسیله حمل مجروحین)
frontier (noun)
/frʌnˈtɪr/
1- [countable] a line that separates two countries, etc.; the land near this line
*frontier (between A and B) the frontier between Guatemala and Mexico
2- the frontier [singular] the edge of land where people live and have built towns, beyond which the country is wild and unknown, especially in the western U.S. in the 19th century
*a remote frontier settlement
3- [countable, usually plural] frontier (of something) the limit of something, especially the limit of what is known about a particular subject or activity
*to push back the frontiers of science (= to increase knowledge of science)
(سرحد، خط فاصل، مرزی، صف جلو لشکر)
