Health problems Flashcards
abnormality (noun)
/ˌæbnɔːrˈmæləti/
[countable, uncountable]
(plural abnormalities)
-a feature or characteristic in a person’s body or behaviour that is not usual and may be harmful or cause illness or worry; the fact of having such a feature or characteristic
*abnormalities of the heart
*congenital(مادر زادی، ارثی-/kənˈdʒenətl-adj)/fetal(/ˈfiːtl/ جنینی-adj) abnormality
aggressive (adjective)
/əˈɡresɪv/
aggressively adverb
aggressiveness (noun) [uncountable]
مهاجم، پرپشتکار، پرتکاپو، سلطه جو، پرخاشگر
1-angry, and behaving in a threatening way; ready to attack
*Seals have been known to exhibit(به نمایش گذاشتن) aggressive behaviour towards swimmers.
2-acting with force and determination in order to succeed
*an aggressive advertising campaign
*“What do you want?” he demanded(تقاضا) aggressively.
*aggressively marketed products.
ailment (noun)
/ˈeɪlmənt/
بیماری مزمن، درد، ناراحتی
-an illness that is not very serious
*childhood/common/minor ailments
Alzheimer’s noun
/ˈɑːltshaɪmərz/
(also Alzheimer’s disease )
[uncountable]
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis noun
/əˌmaɪətrəʊfɪk ˌlætərəl skləˈrəʊsɪs/
(abbreviation ALS)
(also Lou Gehrig’s disease)
-a disease that affects nerve cells in the spine and causes muscles to become weak and gradually stop working
*Other conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and tumours on the spinal cord, can cause similar symptoms.
anaphylactic shock (noun)
/ˌænəfəlæktɪk ˈʃɑːk/
[uncountable] (medical)
-an extreme allergic reaction to something that you eat or touch
*All teachers nowadays have to undergo(تحمل کردن، دستخوش چیزی شدن، متحمل چیزی شدن
) training in how to deal with anaphylactic shock.
anosmia (noun)
/æˈnɑːzmiə/
فقدان حس شامه، نابویای
-the loss of the sense of smell, either total or in part
*Many people who contracted Covid-19 have suffered from anosmia.
appendicitis (noun)
/əˌpendəˈsaɪtɪs/
[uncountable]
-a serious medical condition in which the appendix becomes painful and larger than normal
arthritis noun
/ɑːrˈθraɪtɪs/
[uncountable]
-a disease that causes one or more joints (مفصلها)of the body to become painful and swollen (= larger than normal-متورم، ورم کرده)
*It is unclear why some people develop arthritis.
asthma noun
/ˈæzmə/
[uncountable]
asthmatic noun
/æzˈmætɪk/
-a medical condition of the chest that makes breathing difficult
*a severe(شدید، طاقت فرسا-/səˈvɪə) asthma attack
*We have thousands of asthma cases a year.
*children who develop asthma.(کودکانی که به آسم مبتلا می شوند)
-a person who has asthma
benign (adjective)
/bɪˈnaɪn/
-(medical) (of tumours growing in the body) not dangerous or likely to cause death
*She is recovering after surgery to remove a benign tumour.
OPPOSITE malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/
cancerous adjective
/ˈkænsərəs/
سرطانی
-(of cells, organs, growths, etc.) affected or caused by cancer
*to become cancerous
*cancerous cells/growths/tumours
cardiac (adjective)
/ˈkɑːrdiæk/
[only before noun] (medical)
-connected with the heart or heart disease
*cardiac disease/failure/surgery
*to suffer cardiac arrest (= an occasion when a person’s heart stops temporarily or permanently)
cataract noun
/ˈkætərækt/
-a medical condition that affects the lens of the eye so that you gradually lose your sight
*A cataract can be removed under local anaesthetic.
diarrhea (noun)
/ˌdaɪəˈriə/
(informal the runs)
[uncountable]
-an illness in which waste matter is emptied from the bowels(روده، شکم، اندرون) much more frequently than normal, and in liquid form.
*Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting( استفراغ).
constipation (noun)
/ˌkɑnstəˈpeɪʃn/
[uncountable]
یبوست
the condition of being being constipated
flu (noun)
I think I have a case of the flu
allergy (noun)
/ˈælərdʒi/
(pl. allergies) allergy (to something)
-a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel sick when you eat or touch a particular substance
*I have an allergy to peanuts.
*seasonal allergy
*have an allergy
*allergy to spices
*have an allergic reaction
benign (adjective)= mild
/bɪˈnaɪn/
opposite malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/
benignly (adverb)
1- (formal) (of people) kind and gentle; not hurting anyone
*You would never have guessed his intentions(قصد، نیت) from the benign expression(اصطلاح؛ حالت,اظهار، عبارت، جلوه، ) on his face.
2-(medical) (of tumors growing in the body) not dangerous or likely to cause death
opposite malignant
*He smiled benignly.
mild (adjective)
/maɪld/
(milder, mildest)
mildness
noun [uncountable]
the mildness of a sunny spring day
1- not severe or strong
*a mild form of the disease.
*a mild punishment/criticism(انتقاد)
2- (of weather) not very cold, and therefore pleasant
*the mildest winter since records began
3-(of feelings) not great or extreme
= slight
*mild irritation(تحریک، التهاب)/amusement/disapproval (عدم تایید، عدم رضایت، عدم تصویب)
4-(of people or their behavior) gentle and kind; not usually getting angry or violent
= equable (ملایم، ثابت)
*a mild woman, who never shouted
5-(of a flavor) not strong, spicy, or bitter
*mild salsa
*mild cheese
opposite hot
*the mildness of a sunny spring day
scratch (verb)
/skrætʃ/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they scratch
he / she / it scratches
past simple scratched
-ing form scratching
[Idioms]
-scratch your head (over something)
to think hard in order to find an answer to something
*Experts have been scratching their heads over the increase in teenage crime.
-scratch the surface (of something)
to deal with, understand, or find out about only a small part of a subject or problem
*We left feeling that we had just scratched the surface of this fascinating country.
-you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours (saying)
used to say that if someone helps you, you will help them, even if this is unfair to others
1- [transitive, intransitive] to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching
*scratch something/yourself John yawned and scratched his chin.
*scratch (at something) Try not to scratch.
2-[transitive, intransitive] to cut or damage your skin slightly with something sharp
*scratch (somebody/something/yourself)… I’d scratched my leg and it was bleeding.
*scratch somebody/something/yourself on something… She scratched herself on a nail.
3- [transitive] scratch something to damage the surface of something, especially by accident, by making thin, shallow marks on it
*Be careful not to scratch the furniture.
4-[transitive] scratch something + adv./prep. to make or remove a mark, etc. on something deliberately, by rubbing it with something hard or sharp
*They scratched lines in the dirt to mark out a goal.
5-[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to make an irritating noise by rubbing something with something sharp
*His pen scratched away on the paper.
6- [transitive] scratch a living to make enough money to live on, but with difficulty
*75% of the population scratches a living from the soil.
7- [transitive, intransitive] to decide that something cannot happen, or someone or something cannot take part in something, before it starts
*scratch somebody/something to scratch a rocket launch
itch (verb)-(noun)
/ɪtʃ/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they itch
he / she / it itches
past simple itched
-ing form itching
خارش
1- [intransitive] to have an uncomfortable feeling on your skin that makes you want to scratch; to make your skin feel like this
*I itch all over.
*Does the rash itch?
2- [intransitive] (informal) (often used in the progressive tenses) to want to do something very much
*itch for something The crowd was itching for a fight.
*itch to do something He’s itching to get back to work.
wart (noun)
/wɔrt/
زگیل پیدا کردن
-a small hard lump (غده، توده) that grows on your skin and that is caused by a virus.
[Idioms]
-warts and all (informal)
including all the bad or unpleasant features of someone or something
*The documentary shows the life of a fashion model, warts and all.
*She still loves him, warts and all.
mole (noun)
/moʊl/
1-a small dark brown mark on the skin, sometimes slightly higher than the skin around it
2-a small animal with dark gray fur, that is almost blind and digs tunnels under the ground to live in
3- a person who works within an organization and secretly passes important information to another organization or country
4-(chemistry) a unit for measuring the chemical mass of a substance(ماده)
zit (noun)
/zɪt/
(informal)
-a spot on the skin, especially on the face
= pimple /ˈpɪmpl/
diagnosis (noun)
/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsəs/
[countable, uncountable] (pl. diagnoses /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsiz/ ) diagnosis (of something)
diagnose (verb)
/ˈdaɪəɡˌnoʊs/ , /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs/
[transitive, intransitive]
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they diagnose
he / she / it diagnoses
past simple diagnosed
-ing form diagnosing
تشخیص ناخوشی، عیب شناسی،
-the act of discovering or identifying the exact cause of an illness or a problem
*a diagnosis of lung cancer
*They are waiting for the doctor’s diagnosis.
*An accurate diagnosis was made after a series of tests.
*you are diagnosed with General Anxiety Disorder.
*Our society is diagnosed with a case of stupid traditions.
accompany (verb)
/əˈkʌmpəni/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they accompany
he / she / it accompanies
past simple accompanied
-ing form accompanying
همراهی کردن، همراه بودن (با)
1- accompany somebody (formal) to travel or go somewhere with someone
*His wife accompanied him on the trip.
2-accompany something to happen or appear with something else
*strong winds accompanied by heavy rain
3-accompany somebody (at/on something) to play a musical instrument, especially a piano, while someone else sings or plays the main tune
*The singer was accompanied on the piano by her sister.
symptom (noun)
/ˈsɪmptəm/
نشانه بیماری، علایم بیماری
1- a change in your body or mind that shows that you are not healthy
*flu symptoms
2-a sign that something exists, especially something bad
= indication (نشان، اشاره، دلالت)
*The rise in inflation was just one symptom of the poor state of the economy.
prognosis (noun)
/prɑɡˈnoʊsəs/
(pl. prognoses /prɑɡˈnoʊsiz/
prognostic (adjective)
/prɑɡˈnɑstɪk/
پیش بینی مرض، بهبودی از مرض در اثر پیش بینی جریان مرض، پیش بینی
1- (medical) an opinion, based on medical experience, of the likely development of a disease or an illness
*to make a prognosis.
2- (formal) a judgment about how something is likely to develop in the future
= forecast (پیش بینی کردن)
*The prognosis is for more people to work part-time in the future.
ache (verb)
/eɪk/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they ache
he / she / it aches
past simple ached
-ing form aching
1- [intransitive] to feel a continuous dull pain
= hurt
*I’m aching all over.
2- [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to have a strong desire for someone or something, or to do something
= long
*ache for somebody/something I was aching for home.
*ache to do something He ached to see her.
infection (noun)
/ɪnˈfɛkʃn/
عفونت,سرایت مرض، گند
1- [uncountable] the act or process of causing or getting a disease
*to be exposed (در معرض دید قرار دادن، نمایش دادن) to infection
*to increase the risk of infection
2- [countable] an illness that is caused by bacteria or a virus
*an ear/sinus infection
*to spread an infection
prescription (noun)
/prɪˈskrɪpʃn/
1- [countable] prescription (for something) an official piece of paper on which a doctor writes the type of medicine you should have, and that enables you to get it from a pharmacy
*The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics.
*Antibiotics are only available by prescription.
*prescription drugs/medication(s)
2- [countable] medicine that your doctor has ordered for you
*The pharmacist will make up your prescription.
3 -[uncountable] the act of prescribing medicine
*The prescription of drugs is a doctor’s responsibility.
4- [countable] prescription (for something) (formal) a plan or a suggestion for making something happen or for improving it
*a prescription for happiness.
concise (adjective)
/kənˈsaɪs/
concisely (adverb)
مختصر-موجز، کوتاه، فشرده و مختصر
1- giving only the information that is necessary and important, using few words
*a concise summary
2- [only before noun] (of a book) shorter than the original book, on which it was based
*a concise dictionary
*He spoke clearly and concisely.
appropriate (adjective)
/əˈproʊpriət/
opposite inappropriate
مناسب,اختصاص دادن، برای خود برداشتن، ضبط کردن، درخور، مقتضی
-suitable, acceptable, or correct for the particular circumstances
*an appropriate response/measure/method
*Please charge my Mastercard/Visa/American Express card (delete as appropriate)).
