Health problems

Question 1

abnormality (noun)
/ˌæbnɔːrˈmæləti/

[countable, uncountable]
(plural abnormalities)

Answer 1

-a feature or characteristic in a person’s body or behaviour that is not usual and may be harmful or cause illness or worry; the fact of having such a feature or characteristic
*abnormalities of the heart
*congenital(مادر زادی، ارثی-/kənˈdʒenətl-adj)/fetal(/ˈfiːtl/ جنینی-adj) abnormality

Question 2

aggressive (adjective)
/əˈɡresɪv/

aggressively adverb

aggressiveness (noun) [uncountable]

Answer 2

مهاجم، پرپشتکار، پرتکاپو، سلطه جو، پرخاشگر
1-angry, and behaving in a threatening way; ready to attack
*Seals have been known to exhibit(به نمایش گذاشتن) aggressive behaviour towards swimmers.

2-acting with force and determination in order to succeed
*an aggressive advertising campaign

*“What do you want?” he demanded(تقاضا) aggressively.
*aggressively marketed products.

Question 3

ailment (noun)
/ˈeɪlmənt/

Answer 3

بیماری مزمن، درد، ناراحتی
-an illness that is not very serious
*childhood/common/minor ailments

Question 4

Alzheimer’s noun
/ˈɑːltshaɪmərz/
(also Alzheimer’s disease )
[uncountable]

Question 5

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis noun
/əˌmaɪətrəʊfɪk ˌlætərəl skləˈrəʊsɪs/
(abbreviation ALS)
(also Lou Gehrig’s disease)

Answer 5

-a disease that affects nerve cells in the spine and causes muscles to become weak and gradually stop working
*Other conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and tumours on the spinal cord, can cause similar symptoms.

Question 6

anaphylactic shock (noun)
/ˌænəfəlæktɪk ˈʃɑːk/
[uncountable] (medical)

Answer 6

-an extreme allergic reaction to something that you eat or touch
*All teachers nowadays have to undergo(تحمل کردن، دستخوش چیزی شدن، متحمل چیزی شدن
) training in how to deal with anaphylactic shock.

Question 7

anosmia (noun)
/æˈnɑːzmiə/

Answer 7

فقدان حس شامه، نابویای
-the loss of the sense of smell, either total or in part
*Many people who contracted Covid-19 have suffered from anosmia.

Question 8

appendicitis (noun)
/əˌpendəˈsaɪtɪs/
[uncountable]
​

Answer 8

-a serious medical condition in which the appendix becomes painful and larger than normal

Question 9

arthritis noun
/ɑːrˈθraɪtɪs/
[uncountable]
​

Answer 9

-a disease that causes one or more joints (مفصلها)of the body to become painful and swollen (= larger than normal-متورم، ورم کرده)
*It is unclear why some people develop arthritis.

Question 10

asthma noun
/ˈæzmə/
[uncountable]

asthmatic noun
/æzˈmætɪk/

Answer 10

-a medical condition of the chest that makes breathing difficult
*a severe(شدید، طاقت فرسا-/səˈvɪə) asthma attack
*We have thousands of asthma cases a year.
*children who develop asthma.(کودکانی که به آسم مبتلا می شوند)

-a person who has asthma

Question 11

benign (adjective)
/bɪˈnaɪn/

Answer 11

-(medical) (of tumours growing in the body) not dangerous or likely to cause death
*She is recovering after surgery to remove a benign tumour.
OPPOSITE malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/

Question 12

cancerous adjective
/ˈkænsərəs/
​

Answer 12

سرطانی
-(of cells, organs, growths, etc.) affected or caused by cancer
*to become cancerous
*cancerous cells/growths/tumours

Question 13

cardiac (adjective)
/ˈkɑːrdiæk/
[only before noun] (medical)

Answer 13

-​connected with the heart or heart disease
*cardiac disease/failure/surgery
*to suffer cardiac arrest (= an occasion when a person’s heart stops temporarily or permanently)

Question 13

cataract noun
/ˈkætərækt/
​

Answer 13

-a medical condition that affects the lens of the eye so that you gradually lose your sight
*A cataract can be removed under local anaesthetic.

Question 14

diarrhea (noun)
/ˌdaɪəˈriə/
(informal the runs)
[uncountable]

Answer 14

-an illness in which waste matter is emptied from the bowels(روده، شکم، اندرون) much more frequently than normal, and in liquid form.
*Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting( استفراغ).

Question 15

constipation (noun)
/ˌkɑnstəˈpeɪʃn/
[uncountable]

Answer 15

یبوست
the condition of being being constipated

Question 16

flu (noun)

Answer 16

I think I have a case of the flu

Question 17

allergy (noun)
/ˈælərdʒi/
(pl. allergies) allergy (to something)

Answer 17

-a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel sick when you eat or touch a particular substance
*I have an allergy to peanuts.
*seasonal allergy
*have an allergy
*allergy to spices
*have an allergic reaction

Question 18

benign (adjective)= mild
/bɪˈnaɪn/
opposite malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/

benignly (adverb)

Answer 18

1- (formal) (of people) kind and gentle; not hurting anyone
*You would never have guessed his intentions(قصد، نیت) from the benign expression(اصطلاح؛ حالت,اظهار، عبارت، جلوه، ) on his face.

2-(medical) (of tumors growing in the body) not dangerous or likely to cause death
opposite malignant

*He smiled benignly.

Question 19

mild (adjective)
/maɪld/
(milder, mildest)

mildness
noun [uncountable]
the mildness of a sunny spring day

Answer 19

1- not severe or strong
*a mild form of the disease.
*a mild punishment/criticism(انتقاد)

2- (of weather) not very cold, and therefore pleasant
*the mildest winter since records began

3-(of feelings) not great or extreme
= slight
*mild irritation(تحریک، التهاب)/amusement/disapproval (عدم تایید، عدم رضایت، عدم تصویب)

4-(of people or their behavior) gentle and kind; not usually getting angry or violent
= equable (ملایم، ثابت)
*a mild woman, who never shouted

5-(of a flavor) not strong, spicy, or bitter
*mild salsa
*mild cheese
opposite hot

*the mildness of a sunny spring day

Question 20

scratch (verb)
/skrætʃ/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they scratch
he / she / it scratches
past simple scratched
-ing form scratching

[Idioms]
-scratch your head (over something)
to think hard in order to find an answer to something
*Experts have been scratching their heads over the increase in teenage crime.

-scratch the surface (of something)
to deal with, understand, or find out about only a small part of a subject or problem
*We left feeling that we had just scratched the surface of this fascinating country.

-you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours (saying)
used to say that if someone helps you, you will help them, even if this is unfair to others

Answer 20

1- [transitive, intransitive] to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching
*scratch something/yourself John yawned and scratched his chin.
*scratch (at something) Try not to scratch.

2-[transitive, intransitive] to cut or damage your skin slightly with something sharp
*scratch (somebody/something/yourself)… I’d scratched my leg and it was bleeding.
*scratch somebody/something/yourself on something… She scratched herself on a nail.

3- [transitive] scratch something to damage the surface of something, especially by accident, by making thin, shallow marks on it
*Be careful not to scratch the furniture.

4-[transitive] scratch something + adv./prep. to make or remove a mark, etc. on something deliberately, by rubbing it with something hard or sharp
*They scratched lines in the dirt to mark out a goal.

5-[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to make an irritating noise by rubbing something with something sharp
*His pen scratched away on the paper.

6- [transitive] scratch a living to make enough money to live on, but with difficulty
*75% of the population scratches a living from the soil.

7- [transitive, intransitive] to decide that something cannot happen, or someone or something cannot take part in something, before it starts
*scratch somebody/something to scratch a rocket launch

Question 21

itch (verb)-(noun)
/ɪtʃ/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they itch
he / she / it itches
past simple itched
-ing form itching

Answer 21

خارش
1- [intransitive] to have an uncomfortable feeling on your skin that makes you want to scratch; to make your skin feel like this
*I itch all over.
*Does the rash itch?

2- [intransitive] (informal) (often used in the progressive tenses) to want to do something very much
*itch for something The crowd was itching for a fight.
*itch to do something He’s itching to get back to work.

Question 22

wart (noun)
/wɔrt/

Answer 22

زگیل پیدا کردن
-a small hard lump (غده، توده) that grows on your skin and that is caused by a virus.

[Idioms]
-warts and all (informal)
including all the bad or unpleasant features of someone or something
*The documentary shows the life of a fashion model, warts and all.
*She still loves him, warts and all.

Question 23

mole (noun)
/moʊl/

Answer 23

1-a small dark brown mark on the skin, sometimes slightly higher than the skin around it

2-a small animal with dark gray fur, that is almost blind and digs tunnels under the ground to live in

3- a person who works within an organization and secretly passes important information to another organization or country

4-(chemistry) a unit for measuring the chemical mass of a substance(ماده)

Question 24

zit (noun)
/zɪt/
(informal)

Answer 24

-a spot on the skin, especially on the face
= pimple /ˈpɪmpl/

Question 25

diagnosis (noun)
/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsəs/
[countable, uncountable] (pl. diagnoses /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsiz/ ) diagnosis (of something)

diagnose (verb)
/ˈdaɪəɡˌnoʊs/ , /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs/
[transitive, intransitive]

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they diagnose
he / she / it diagnoses
past simple diagnosed
-ing form diagnosing

Answer 25

تشخیص ناخوشی، عیب شناسی،
-the act of discovering or identifying the exact cause of an illness or a problem
*a diagnosis of lung cancer
*They are waiting for the doctor’s diagnosis.
*An accurate diagnosis was made after a series of tests.

*you are diagnosed with General Anxiety Disorder.
*Our society is diagnosed with a case of stupid traditions.

Question 26

accompany (verb)
/əˈkʌmpəni/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they accompany
he / she / it accompanies
past simple accompanied
-ing form accompanying

Answer 26

همراهی کردن، همراه بودن (با)
1- accompany somebody (formal) to travel or go somewhere with someone
*His wife accompanied him on the trip.

2-accompany something to happen or appear with something else
*strong winds accompanied by heavy rain

3-accompany somebody (at/on something) to play a musical instrument, especially a piano, while someone else sings or plays the main tune
*The singer was accompanied on the piano by her sister.

Question 27

symptom (noun)
/ˈsɪmptəm/

Answer 27

نشانه بیماری، علایم بیماری
1- a change in your body or mind that shows that you are not healthy
*flu symptoms

2-a sign that something exists, especially something bad
= indication (نشان، اشاره، دلالت)
*The rise in inflation was just one symptom of the poor state of the economy.

Question 28

prognosis (noun)
/prɑɡˈnoʊsəs/
(pl. prognoses /prɑɡˈnoʊsiz/

prognostic (adjective)
/prɑɡˈnɑstɪk/

Answer 28

پیش بینی مرض، بهبودی از مرض در اثر پیش بینی جریان مرض، پیش بینی
1- (medical) an opinion, based on medical experience, of the likely development of a disease or an illness
*to make a prognosis.

2- (formal) a judgment about how something is likely to develop in the future
= forecast (پیش بینی کردن)
*The prognosis is for more people to work part-time in the future.

Question 29

ache (verb)
/eɪk/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they ache
he / she / it aches
past simple ached
-ing form aching

Answer 29

1- [intransitive] to feel a continuous dull pain
= hurt
*I’m aching all over.

2- [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to have a strong desire for someone or something, or to do something
= long
*ache for somebody/something I was aching for home.
*ache to do something He ached to see her.

Question 30

infection (noun)
/ɪnˈfɛkʃn/

Answer 30

عفونت,سرایت مرض، گند
1- [uncountable] the act or process of causing or getting a disease
*to be exposed (در معرض دید قرار دادن، نمایش دادن) to infection
*to increase the risk of infection

2- [countable] an illness that is caused by bacteria or a virus
*an ear/sinus infection
*to spread an infection

Question 31

prescription (noun)
/prɪˈskrɪpʃn/

Answer 31

1- [countable] prescription (for something) an official piece of paper on which a doctor writes the type of medicine you should have, and that enables you to get it from a pharmacy
*The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics.
*Antibiotics are only available by prescription.
*prescription drugs/medication(s)

2- [countable] medicine that your doctor has ordered for you
*The pharmacist will make up your prescription.

3 -[uncountable] the act of prescribing medicine
*The prescription of drugs is a doctor’s responsibility.

4- [countable] prescription (for something) (formal) a plan or a suggestion for making something happen or for improving it
*a prescription for happiness.

Question 32

concise (adjective)
/kənˈsaɪs/

concisely (adverb)

Answer 32

مختصر-موجز، کوتاه، فشرده و مختصر
1- giving only the information that is necessary and important, using few words
*a concise summary

2- [only before noun] (of a book) shorter than the original book, on which it was based
*a concise dictionary

*He spoke clearly and concisely.

Question 33

appropriate (adjective)
/əˈproʊpriət/

opposite inappropriate

Answer 33

مناسب,اختصاص دادن، برای خود برداشتن، ضبط کردن، درخور، مقتضی
-suitable, acceptable, or correct for the particular circumstances
*an appropriate response/measure/method
*Please charge my Mastercard/Visa/American Express card (delete as appropriate)).