V12 Flashcards
impairment (noun)
/ɪmˈpɛrmənt/
[uncountable, countable] (technology)
- the state of having a physical or mental condition that means that part of your body or brain does not work correctly; a particular condition of this sort
*impairment of kidney function
*visual impairments
(اختلال)
indispensable (adjective) &Opposite dispensable
/ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbl/
- too important to be without
=essential
*Cars have become an indispensable part of our lives.
*indispensable to somebody/something She made herself indispensable to the department.
*indispensable for something/for doing something A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language.
&Opposite dispensable
(واجب، حتمی، چاره نا پذیر، ضروری، ناگزیر، صرفنظر نکردنی، لازم الاجرا)
The fact that there are hundreds of millions of people around the world today who cannot clothe themselves, who cannot shelter themselves, who are struggling to eat once every two days.
What I saw was deeply depressing, that when you go out on the ground, these projects are far worse than you could possibly imagine. The statistics and the evidence are shocking.
menstruate (verb)
/ˈmɛnstruˌeɪt/
[intransitive] (formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they menstruate
he / she / it menstruates
past simple menstruated
-ing form menstruating
—
menstrual (adjective)
/ˈmɛnstruəl/
- ## when a woman menstruates, there is a flow of blood from her womb, usually once a month1- connected with the time when a woman menstruates each month
*The average length of a woman’s menstrual cycle is 28 days.
2- (formal)
a menstrual period
scandal (noun)
/ˈskændl/
1- [countable, uncountable] behavior or an event that people think is morally or legally wrong and that causes public feelings of shock or anger
*a series of sex scandals
2- [uncountable] talk or reports about the shocking or immoral things that people have done or are thought to have done
*to spread scandal
3-[singular] scandal (that…) an action, attitude, etc. that you think is shocking and not at all acceptable
synonym disgrace
*It is a scandal that such a large town has no orchestra.
(رسوایی,بد گویی، شایعات ننگین، افتضاح، ننگ، تهمت زدن)
emerge (verb)
/ɪˈmərdʒ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they emerge
he / she / it emerges
past simple emerged
-ing form emerging
—
emergence (noun [uncountable])
/ɪˈmərdʒəns/
—
emerging (adjective)
[only before noun]
1- [intransitive] to come out of a dark or hidden place
*emerge (from something) /The swimmer emerged from the lake.
2- [intransitive, transitive] (of facts, ideas, etc.) to become known
= transpire
*No new evidence emerged during the investigation.
3- [intransitive] to start to exist; to appear or become known
*After the election, protest groups began to emerge.
4- [intransitive] emerge (from something) to survive a difficult situation or experience
*She emerged from the scandal with her reputation intact.
(آشکار شدن؛ پدیدار شدن؛ ظاهر شدن، بیرون آمدن)
—
*the emergence of new technologies
—
*starting to exist, grow, or become known
*the emerging markets of South Asia
sanitation (noun)
/ˌsænəˈteɪʃn/
[uncountable]
- the equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste
*disease resulting from poor sanitation
*A lack of clean water and sanitation were the main problems.
(بهداشت,مراعات اصول بهداشت، به سازی، سیستم تخلیه فاضلاب)
contribute (verb)
/kənˈtrɪbyut/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they contribute
he / she / it contributes
past simple contributed
-ing form contributing
—
contributing (adjective)
1- [transitive, intransitive] to give something, especially money or goods, to help someone or something
* We contributed $5,000 to the earthquake fund.
2- [intransitive] contribute (to something) to be one of the causes of something
*Medical negligence could have contributed to her death.
3- [intransitive, transitive] to increase, improve, or add to something
* Immigrants have contributed to American culture in many ways.
4- [transitive, intransitive] to write things for a newspaper, magazine, or a radio or television program; to speak during a meeting or conversation, especially to give your opinion
*She contributed a number of articles to the magazine
(کمک کردن,اعانه دادن، شرکت کردن در، همکاری و کمک کردن، هم بخشی کردن)
—
*Human error may have been a contributing factor
consultation (noun)
/ˌkɑnslˈteɪʃn/
1- [uncountable] the act of discussing something with someone or with a group of people before making a decision about it
*a consultation document/paper/period/process
2- [countable] a formal meeting to discuss something
*extensive consultations between the two countries
3- [countable] a meeting with an expert, such as a lawyer or doctor, to get advice or treatment
*A 30-minute consultation will cost $50.
(مشورت,مشاوره، مذاکره، همفکری، رایزنی)
bucket (noun)
/ˈbʌkət/
سطل
mindset (noun)
/ˈmaɪndsɛt/
- a set of attitudes or fixed ideas that someone has and that are often difficult to change
=mentality (ذهن، قوه ذهنی، روحیه، طرز فکر، اندیشه)
*a conservative mindset
*the mindset of the computer generation
miraculous (adjective)
/məˈrækyələs/
—
miraculously (adverb)
- like a miracle; completely unexpected and very lucky
=extraordinary, phenomenal
*miraculous powers of healing
*She’s made a miraculous recovery.
(معجزه اسا)
—
*They miraculously survived the plane crash.
*The barn has been miraculously transformed into a luxury hotel.
appealing (adjective)
/əˈpilɪŋ/
—
appealingly (adverb)
1- attractive or interesting
*Brightly colored packaging made the pens especially appealing to children.
&Opposite unappealing
2- showing that you want people to help you or to show you sympathy
*“Would you really help?” he said with an appealing look.
—
*an appealingly witty story
*The dog looked up at her appealingly.
flop (verb)
/flɑp/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they flop
he / she / it flops
past simple flopped
-ing form flopping
1- [intransitive] flop (down/back) (into/on something) to sit or lie down in a heavy and sudden way because you are very tired
*Exhausted, he flopped down into a chair.
2- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to fall, move, or hang in a heavy or awkward way, without control
*Her hair flopped over her eyes.
3- [intransitive] (informal) to be a complete failure
*The play flopped on Broadway.
(شکست خوردن,شیوه فاسبوری، پرش از پشت (پرش ارتفاع)، صدای چلپ، با صدای تلپ افتادن)
trout (noun)
/traʊt/
1- (pl. trout) [countable, uncountable] a common freshwater fish that is used for food. There are several types of trout
*rainbow trout.
2- [countable, usually singular] old trout (informal) (disapproving) a bad-tempered or annoying old woman
(ماهی قزل آلا)
patronize (verb)
/ˈpeɪtrəˌnaɪz/ , /ˈpætrəˌnaɪz/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they patronize
he / she / it patronizes
past simple patronized
-ing form patronizing
—
patronizing adjective
/ˈpeɪtrəˌnaɪzɪŋ/
(disapproving)
—
patronizingly (adverb)
1- [transitive, intransitive] patronize (somebody) (disapproving) to treat someone in a way that seems friendly, but that shows that you think that they are not very intelligent, experienced, etc.
*Some television programs tend to patronize children.
2- [transitive] patronize something (formal) to be a regular customer of a store, restaurant, etc.
*The club is patronized by students and locals alike.
3-[transitive] patronize somebody/something to help a particular person, organization, or activity by giving them money
*She patronizes many contemporary American artists.
(رئیس وار رفتار کردن، تشویق کردن، نگهداری کردن، مشتری شدن)
—
- showing that you feel better or more intelligent than someone else
= superior (ممتاز، برتر, عالی، رئیس، بالایی، بالاتر، مافوق، ارشد)
*a patronizing smile
*I was only trying to explain; I didn’t want to sound patronizing.
—
*He patted her hand patronizingly.
border (verb)
/ˈbɔrdər/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they border
he / she / it borders
past simple bordered
-ing form bordering
—
border (noun)
/ˈbɔrdər/
[countable]
1- border something (of a country or an area) to share a border with another country or area
*the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico
2-border something to form a line along or around the edge of something
*Meadows bordered the path to the woods.
—
1- the line that divides two countries or areas; the land near this line
*a national park on the border between Kenya and Tanzania
2- a strip around the edge of something such as a picture or a piece of cloth
*a pillowcase with a lace border
3- (in a garden) a strip of soil that is planted with flowers, along the edge of the grass
*herbaceous borders
4- the separation or distance between one thing or person and another
*It is difficult to define the border between love and friendship.
(مرز, حاشیه دار کردن، لبه دار کردن، زه، کران، پشته خاکی، سرحد، کناره، خط مرزی، لبه گذاشتن، سجاف کردن، حاشیه گذاشتن، مجاور بودن)
astonish (verb)
/əˈstɑnɪʃ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they astonish
he / she / it astonishes
past simple astonished
-ing form astonishing
—
astonished (adjective)
/əˈstɑnɪʃt/
- to surprise someone very much
= amaze
*astonish something The news astonished everyone.
*She astonished us by saying she was leaving.
—
-very surprised
= amazed
*The helicopter landed before our astonished eyes. - My parents looked astonished at my news.
*she had found something long lost.
*When she saw it, there was a long silence.
factual (adjective)
/ˈfæktʃuəl/
—
factually ( adverb)
- based on or containing facts
*a factual account of events
*factual information
—
*factually correct
imperfection (noun)
/ˌɪmpərˈfɛkʃn/
[countable, uncountable]
- a fault or weakness in someone or something
*They learned to live with each other’s imperfections.
*The only slight imperfection in the painting is a scratch in the corner.
(نقص، عیب)
blurry (adjective)
/ˈbləri/
(informal)
1- without a clear outline; not clear
*blurry, distorted photographs
2- (figurative)
a blurry policy
(تار)
ultimate (adjective)
/ˈʌltəmət/
[only before noun]
1- happening at the end of a long process
= final
*our ultimate goal/aim/objective/target
2-most extreme; best, worst, greatest, most important, etc.
*This race will be the ultimate test of your skill.
3- from which something originally comes
= basic
= fundamental
*the ultimate truths of philosophy and science
(نهایی,واپسین، غایی، اجل، آخر، بازپسین، دورترین)
accuracy (noun)
/ˈækyərəsi/
[uncountable]
- the state of being exact or correct; the ability to do something skillfully without making mistakes
*They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
(دقت، دقت و صحت، درجه دقت، درستی)
embed (verb)
(also imbed)
/ɪmˈbɛd/
[usually passive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they embed
he / she / it embeds
past simple embedded
-ing form embedding
1- embed something (in something) to fix something firmly into a substance or solid object
*an operation to remove glass that was embedded in his leg.
2- embed somebody to send a journalist, photographer, etc. to an area where there is fighting, so that he or she can travel with the army and report what is happening
*embedded reporters in the war zone
3- embed something (linguistics) to place a sentence inside another sentence. In the sentence “I’m aware that she knows”, she knows is an embedded sentence.
Synthetic Memories
خاطرات مصنوعی
literacy (noun)
/ˈlɪt̮ərəsi/
[uncountable]
- the ability to read and write
*a campaign to promote adult literacy
*basic literacy skills
&Opposite illiteracy
(سواد,با سوادی، سواد خواندن و نوشتن)
heritage (noun)
/ˈhɛrət̮ɪdʒ/
[usually singular]
- the history, traditions, and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character
*Spain’s rich cultural heritage
*The building is part of our national heritage.
(میراث,ارثیه، ارث)
identity (noun)
/aɪˈdɛntət̮i/
(pl. identities)
(هویت,خصوصیات، اتحاد (در ریاضیات)، شخصیت، اصلیت، شناسایی)
reminiscence (noun)
/ˌrɛməˈnɪsns/
1- [countable, usually plural] a spoken or written description of something that someone remembers about their past life
= memory
*The book is a collection of his reminiscences about the actress.
2- [uncountable] the act of remembering things that happened in the past
= recollection
3- [countable, usually plural] something that reminds you of something similar
*Her music is full of reminiscences of African rhythms.
(خاطره پردازی، خاطره، یادداشت، یاد بود، یاداوری، نشانه، روانشناسی: یادافزایی)
rusty (adjective)
/ˈrʌsti/
(rustier, rustiest)
—
rustiness (noun [uncountable])
—
rut (noun)
/rʌt/
1- covered with rust
*rusty metal
2- [not usually before noun] (informal) (of a sport, skill, etc.) not as good as it used to be, because you have not been practicing
*My tennis is very rusty these days.
(زنگ زده، فرسوده، عبوس، ترشرو)
—
(زنگ زدگی)
—
1- [countable] a deep track that a wheel makes in soft ground
*It was difficult to walk in the muddy ruts left by the tractor.
2- [countable] a boring way of life that does not change
*I gave up my job because I felt I was stuck in a rut.
3- [uncountable] the rut the time of year when male animals, especially deer, become sexually active
*stags(گوزن ) fighting during the rut
(جای چرخ عمیق روی شوسه، مستی، فحلی، گشن امدن، گرمی، مست شهوت شدن، شور پیدا کردن، فحل شدن، رد جاده، اثر، خط شیار، عادت، روش، شیار دار کردن، خط انداختن)
cognitive (adjective)
/ˈkɑɡnət̮ɪv/
[usually before noun]
-connected with mental processes of understanding
*a child’s cognitive development
*cognitive psychology
(شناختی)
decay (noun)-(verb)
/dɪˈkeɪ/
[uncountable]
1- the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or by not being cared for (= of decaying)
*tooth decay
*The landlord had let the building fall into decay.
2- the gradual destruction of a society, an institution, a system, etc.
*economic/moral/urban decay
( از بین رفتن، ضعیف شدن، پوسیدن نقصان، تجزیه، پوسیدگی، فساد، زوال، خرابی، پوسیدن، فاسد شدن، تنزل کردن، منحط شدن، تباهی، محو شدن، تباه شدن)
nearsighted (adjective)
/ˈnɪrˌsaɪt̮əd/
—
nearsightedness (noun [uncountable])
-able to see things clearly only if they are very close to you
*She needs glasses because she’s very nearsighted.
&Opposite farsighted
(نزدیک بین)
daunt (verb)
/dɔnt/
[usually passive] daunt somebody
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they daunt
he / she / it daunts
past simple daunted
-ing form daunting
- to make someone feel nervous and less confident about doing something
= intimidate (ترساندن، مرعوب کردن، تشر زدن به، نهیب زدن به)
*She was a brave woman but she felt daunted by the task ahead.
(رام کردن، ترساندن، بی جرات کردن)
