VFI-L1- Growing up

Question 1

*brotherhood (noun)
*fatherhood / motherhood (noun)
*adulthood (noun)

Answer 1

*maternal
*paternal

Question 2

*adolescence (noun)
*adolescent (noun)
*adolescent (adjective)

Question 3

• a long-standing relationship
  *a working relationship
  *a successful relationship

Answer 3

• I’m writing in relation to/with…
  (NOT of)

Question 4

*sibling
*sibling rivalry

Question 5

Types of Family Structures

Answer 5

*Nuclear family
*Single-parent family
*Extended family (a family which extends beyond the nuclear family to include grandparents and other relatives.)
*Childless family
*Stepfamily (a family that is formed on the remarriage of a divorced or widowed person and that includes a child or children.)
*Grandparent family

Question 6

reward (verb)
/rɪˈwɔrd/
[often passive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they reward
he / she / it rewards
past simple rewarded
-ing form rewarding
—
reward (noun)
/rɪˈwɔrd/

Answer 6

*to give something to someone because they have done something good, worked hard, etc.
*She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus.
—
1-[countable, uncountable] a thing that you are given because you have done something good, worked hard, etc.
*a financial reward

2- [countable] an amount of money that is offered to someone for helping the police to find a criminal or for finding something that is lost
*A $500 reward has been offered for the return of the necklace.
(پاداش دادن؛ پاداش,ثواب، جزاء، پاداش دادن، اجر دادن، سزا، تلافی کردن، پاداش، مزد، تلافی، جایزه، انعام)

Question 7

accommodate (verb)
/əˈkɑməˌdeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they accommodate
he / she / it accommodates
past simple accommodated
-ing form accommodating
—
accommodating (adjective)
/əˈkɑməˌdeɪt̮ɪŋ/

Answer 7

1- [transitive] accommodate somebody to provide someone with a room or place to sleep, live, or sit
*The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.

2-[transitive] accommodate somebody/something to provide enough space for someone or something
*Over 70 minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD.

3- [transitive] accommodate something (formal) to consider something, such as someone’s opinion or a fact, and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining something
*Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of the disabled.

4- [transitive] accommodate somebody (with something) (formal) to help someone by doing what they want
= oblige
*I have accommodated the press a great deal, giving numerous interviews.

5- [intransitive, transitive] accommodate (something/yourself) to something (formal) to change your behavior so that you can deal with a new situation better
*I needed to accommodate myself to the new schedule.
(اسکان دادن، جا دادن,تطبیق دادن، همساز کردن، منزل دادن، وفق دادن با، تطبیق نمودن، تصفیه,کردن، اصلاح کردن، اماده کردن (برای)، پول وام دادن (به کسی))
—
-willing to help and do things for other people
= obliging
*They are very accommodating to foreign visitors.
*David was gentle, generous and accommodating to a fault.
(تطبیق، موافقت، جا، منزل، مناسب، خوش محضر,مهربان، منت گذار، راحت، موافق، مناسب)

Question 8

interact (verb)
/ˌɪntərˈækt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they interact
he / she / it interacts
past simple interacted
-ing form interacting
—
interaction (noun [uncountable, countable])
/ˌɪntərˈækʃn/

Answer 8

1-[intransitive] interact (with somebody) to communicate with someone, especially while you work, play or spend time with them
*Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child.

2- [intransitive] interact (with something) if one thing interacts with another, or if two things interact, the two things have an effect on each other
*Perfume interacts with the skin’s natural chemicals.
—
*interaction (between somebody/something) //the interaction between performers and their audience
*interaction (with somebody/something) //the interaction of bacteria with the body’s natural chemistry
(ارتباط برقرار کردن,متقابلا اثر کردن، فعل و انفعال داخلی داشتن)

Question 9

nurture (verb)
/ˈnərtʃər/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they nurture
he / she / it nurtures
past simple nurtured
-ing form nurturing
—
nurture (noun)
/ˈnərtʃər/
[uncountable] (formal)

Answer 9

1- nurture somebody/something to care for and protect someone or something while they are growing and developing
*These delicate plants need careful nurturing.

2- nurture something to help someone or something to develop and be successful
= foster
*It’s important to nurture a good working relationship.

3-nurture something to have a feeling, an idea, a plan, etc. for a long time and encourage it to develop
*She secretly nurtured a hope of becoming famous.
(شکوفا کردن، توسعه دادن؛ تربیت، پرورش,تغذیه، غذا، بزرگ کردن (کودک)، بار آوردن بچه، پروردن)
—-
-care, encouragement, and support given to someone or something while they are growing
*The study seems to show that nurture is more important than nature in shaping a child’s character.

Question 10

upbringing (noun)
/ˈʌpˌbrɪŋɪŋ/
[singular, uncountable]

Answer 10

-the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up
*to have had a sheltered upbringing
*He was a Catholic by upbringing.
(تربیت، روش اموزش و پرورش بچه)

Question 11

endure (verb)
/ɪnˈdʊr/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they endure
he / she / it endures
past simple endured
-ing form enduring
—
endurable ( adjective) &Opposite unendurable
/ɪnˈdʊrəbl/
—
endurance (noun)
/ɪnˈdʊrəns/
[uncountable]

Answer 11

1- [transitive] to experience and deal with something that is painful or unpleasant, especially without complaining
= bear
*endure something/// They had to endure a long wait before the case came to trial.

2- [intransitive] (formal) to continue to exist for a long time
=last
*a success that will endure
—
*I felt that life was no longer endurable.
&Opposite unendurable
(تحمل کردن، تاب آوردن,بردباری کردن، طاقت چیزی راداشتن، تاب چیزی را آوردن)
—
-the ability to continue doing something painful or difficult for a long period of time without complaining
*They were humiliated beyond endurance.
(حداکثر، برد عملیاتی، استقامت، تحمل، پایداری )

Question 12

anti-social behavior

Question 13

long-lasting (adjective)

Answer 13

• that can or does last for a long time
  = durable (پایدار، باودام، پایا، دیرپای)
  *long-lasting effects
  *a long-lasting agreement

Question 14

sophisticate (noun)
/səˈfɪstɪkət/
(formal)
—
sophisticated (adjective)
/səˈfɪstəˌkeɪt̮əd/

Answer 14

-a sophisticated person
*She wasn’t the sophisticate that Jack had imagined her to be.
(پیچیده، خبره وپیشرفته کردن، سفسطه کردن، رنگ واب فریبنده زدن به، از اصالت وسادگی انداختن، فریبنده)
—
1- having a lot of experience of the world and knowing about fashion, culture, and other things that people think are socially important
*the sophisticated pleasures of city life

2- (of a machine, system, etc.) advanced and complicated in the way that it works or is presented
*highly sophisticated computer systems

3- (of a person) able to understand difficult or complicated ideas
*a sophisticated audience
&Opposite unsophisticated
(فرهیخته، امروزی,خبره و ماهر، درسطح بالا، مصنوعی، غیر طبیعی، تصنعی، سوفسطایی)

Question 15

ultimately (adverb)
/ˈʌltəmətli/

Answer 15

1- in the end; finally
*Ultimately, you’ll have to make the decision yourself.

2- at the most basic and important level
*All life depends ultimately on oxygen.
(درنهایت، سرانجام)

Question 16

coordinate (verb)
/koʊˈɔrdnˌeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they coordinate
he / she / it coordinates
past simple coordinated
-ing form coordinating
—
coordinator (noun)
/koʊˈɔrdnˌeɪt̮ər/

Answer 16

1- [transitive] coordinate something to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
*They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team.

2- [transitive] coordinate something to make the different parts of your body work well together

3- [intransitive, transitive] coordinate (something) (with something) if you coordinate clothes, furniture, etc., or if they coordinate, they look nice together
*This shade coordinates with a wide range of other colors.
(هماهنگ کردن؛ مختصات (جمع),متناسب یا هماهنگ کردن، متناسب کردن، هماهنگ کردن، تعدیل کردن، هم پایه، مربوط)
—-
*The campaign needs an effective coordinator.
(هماهنگ کننده,تعدیل کننده)

Question 17

conflict (verb)
/kənˈflɪkt/
[intransitive] conflict (with something)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they conflict
he / she / it conflicts
past simple conflicted
-ing form conflicting
—
conflict (noun)
/ˈkɑnflɪkt/
[countable, uncountable] conflict (between A and B)
—
COL: manage conflict

Answer 17

• if two ideas, beliefs, stories, etc. conflict, it is not possible for them to exist together or for them both to be true
  = clash
  *conflicting emotions/interests/loyalties
  —
  1- conflict (over something) a situation in which people, groups, or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument
  *a conflict between two cultures

2- a violent situation or period of fighting between two countries
*armed/military conflict

3- a situation in which there are opposing ideas, opinions, feelings, or wishes; a situation in which it is difficult to choose
*The story tells of a classic conflict between love and duty.

Question 18

correlation (noun)
/ˌkɔrəˈleɪʃn/ , /ˌkɑrəˈleɪʃn/
[countable, uncountable]

Answer 18

• a connection between two things in which one thing changes as the other does
  *correlation (between A and B) //There is a direct correlation between exposure to sun and skin cancer.
  *correlation (of A with B) //the correlation of social power with wealth
  (ارتباط,رابطه، وابستگی، همبسته کردن، ارتباط داشتن، ربط، همبستگی، بستگی دو چیز با هم)

Question 19

interrelate (verb)
/ˌɪntərrɪˈleɪt/
[intransitive, transitive, usually passive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they interrelate
he / she / it interrelates
past simple interrelated
-ing form interrelating
—
interrelated ( adjective)

Answer 19

• if two or more things interrelate, or if they are interrelated, they are closely connected and they affect each other
  *a discussion of how the mind and body interrelate
  *interrelate with something a discussion of how the mind interrelates with the body.
  (وابسته بهم بودن، مناسبات مشترک داشتن)
  —
  *a number of interrelated problems
  (به هم وابسته، دارای مناسبات مشترک)

Question 20

cooperate (verb)
/koʊˈɑpəˌreɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they cooperate
he / she / it cooperates
past simple cooperated
-ing form cooperating

Answer 20

1- [intransitive] cooperate (with somebody) (in/on something) to work together with someone else in order to achieve something
*The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other.

2-[intransitive] cooperate (with somebody) (in/on something) to be helpful by doing what someone asks you to do
*Their captors told them they would be killed unless they cooperated.
(همکاری کردن,همیاری کردن، باهم کار کردن، همدستی کردن، تشریک مساعی کردن، اشتراک مساعی کردن، تعاون کردن)

Question 21

intercity (adjective)
/ˌɪntərˈsɪt̮i/
[usually before noun]

Answer 21

-(of transportation) traveling between cities, usually with not many stops on the way
*an intercity bus service
*intercity travel

Question 22

approach (verb)
/əˈproʊtʃ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they approach
he / she / it approaches
past simple approached
-ing form approaching
—
approach (noun)
/əˈproʊtʃ/

Answer 22

1- [intransitive, transitive] to come near to someone or something in distance or time
*We heard the sound of an approaching car/a car approaching.

2-[transitive] to speak to someone about something, especially to ask them for something or to offer to do something
*approach somebody// We have been approached by a number of companies that are interested in our product.

3- [transitive] approach something to come close to something in amount, level, or quality
*profits approaching 30 million dollars.

4- [transitive] approach something to start dealing with a problem, task, etc. in a particular way
*What’s the best way of approaching this problem?
—
1-[countable] a way of dealing with someone or something; a way of doing or thinking about something such as a problem or a task
*She took the wrong approach in her dealings with them.

2- [singular] movement nearer to someone or something in distance or time
*She hadn’t heard his approach and jumped as the door opened.

3- [countable] the act of speaking to someone about something, especially when making an offer or a request
*The club has made an approach to a local company for sponsorship.

4- [countable] a path, road, etc. that leads to a place
*All the approaches to the palace were guarded by troops.

5- [countable] the part of an aircraft’s flight immediately before landing
*to begin the final approach to the runway.

6- [singular] a thing that is like something else that is mentioned
*That’s the nearest approach to an apology you’ll get from him.
(نزدیک شدن، نزدیک آمدن,دیدگاه، روش، رویکرد، شیوه، برداشت,ضربه برای نزدیک شدن به هدف گلف، مسیر فرود، داخل گفتگو شدن، مسیر نزدیک شدن هواپیما به باند فرود، تقرب،برخورد، معبر، مشی)

Question 23

competence (noun)
/ˈkɑmpət̮əns/
—
competency (noun)
/ˈkɑmpət̮ənsi/
(pl. competencies)
= competence

Answer 23

1- (less frequent competency) [uncountable, countable] competence (in something) competence (in doing something) the ability to do something well
*to gain a high level of competence in English
&Opposite incompetence

2- [uncountable] (law) the power that a court, an organization or a person has to deal with something
*The judge has to act within the competence of the court.

3- [countable] (less frequent competency-technology) a skill that you need in a particular job or for a particular task
*The syllabus lists the knowledge and competences required at this level.
(روح رقابت، روح تلاش، صلاحیت، شایستگی، کفایت، سر رشته)
—
*social competencies

Question 24

staff (noun)
/stæf/

Answer 24

1- [countable, usually singular, uncountable, plural] all the workers employed in an organization considered as a group
*medical staff

2- [singular] the people who work at a school, college, or university, but who do not teach students
*students, faculty, and staff

3- [countable] a group of senior army officers who help a commanding officer

4- [countable] (old-fashioned or formal) a long stick used as a support when walking or climbing, as a weapon, or as a symbol of authority

5-(also stave) [countable] (music) a set of five lines on which music is written
(پرسنل، کارکنان (در حالت جمع))

Question 25

recruit (verb)
/rɪˈkrut/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they recruit
he / she / it recruits
past simple recruited
-ing form recruiting
—
recruiter (noun)
—
recruitment (noun [uncountable])

Answer 25

1- [transitive, intransitive] recruit (somebody) (to something) recruit somebody to do something to find new people to join a company, an organization, the armed forces, etc.
*The police are trying to recruit more officers from ethnic minorities.

2- recruit somebody to do something to persuade someone to do something, especially to help you
*We were recruited to help peel the vegetables.

3-recruit something to form a new army, team, etc. by persuading new people to join it
*to recruit a task force
(استخدام کردن، جذب کردن نیروی کار,سرباز یا دانش آموز جدید، استخدام کردن، استخدام، تازه سرباز، کارمند تازه، نوآموز استخدام کردن، نیروی تازه گرفتن)
—-
*the recruitment of new members
*a recruitment drive
(استخدام,سرباز گیری، نفر گیری، استخدام)

Question 26

compound (noun)
/ˈkɑmpaʊnd/

Answer 26

1-a thing consisting of two or more separate things combined together

2-(chemistry) a substance formed by a chemical reaction of two or more elements in fixed amounts relative to each other
*Table salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine.

3- (grammar) a noun, an adjective, or a verb made of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words, or joined by a hyphen. Travel agent, dark-haired, and bathroom are all compounds.

4-an area surrounded by a fence or wall in which a factory or other group of buildings stands
*a prison compound
(ترکیب کردن,ماده مرکب، کمپوند، اتصال مرکب، تصفیه کردن، مخلوط، مرکب، چند جزئی، لفظ مرکب)

Question 27

resemblance (noun)
/rɪˈzɛmbləns/
[countable, uncountable]

Answer 27

-the fact of being or looking similar to someone or something
=likeness
*a striking/close/strong resemblance
*family resemblances

Question 27

striking (adjective)
/ˈstraɪkɪŋ/
—
strikingly (adverb)

Answer 27

1- interesting and unusual enough to attract attention
= marked
*a striking feature
*She bears a striking resemblance to her older sister.

2- very attractive, often in an unusual way
= stunning
*striking good looks.
(قابل توجه,تصادم، برجسته، موثر، گیرنده، زننده)
—
*The two polls produced strikingly different results.

Question 28

instinct (noun)
/ˈɪnstɪŋkt/
[uncountable, countable]

Answer 28

1- instinct (for something/for doing something) instinct (to do something) a natural tendency for people and animals to behave in a particular way, using the knowledge and abilities that they were born with rather than thought or training
*maternal instincts

2- instinct (that…) a feeling that makes you do something or believe that something is true, even though it is not based on facts or reason
= intuition
*Her instincts had been right.
(غریزه,شعور حیوانی، هوش طبیعی جانوران)

Question 29

close-knit (adjective)
/ˌkloʊs ˈnɪt/
(less frequent closely-knit)

Answer 29

• (of a group of people) having strong relationships with each other and taking a close, friendly interest in each other’s activities and problems
  *the close-knit community of a small village

Question 30

tie

Question 31

temperament (noun)
/ˈtɛmprəmənt/

Answer 31

1- [countable, uncountable] a person’s or an animal’s nature as shown in the way they behave or react to situations or people
*to have an artistic temperament

2- [uncountable] the tendency to get emotional and excited very easily and behave in an unreasonable way
*an actor given to displays of temperament
(خلق و خو، مزاج، حالت، طبیعت، خلق، فطرت، سرشت)

Question 32

determined (adjective)
/dɪˈtərmənd/
—
determinedly (adverb)
/dɪˈtərməndli/

Answer 32

1- [not before noun] determined (to do something) if you are determined to do something, you have made a firm decision to do it and you will not let anyone prevent you
*I’m determined to succeed.

2- showing a person’s determination to do something
*a determined effort to stop smoking
(مصمم)
—

Question 33

stubborn (adjective)
/ˈstʌbərn/
—
stubbornly (adverb)
—
stubbornness (noun [uncountable])

Answer 33

1- (often disapproving) determined not to change your opinion or attitude
= obstinate
*He was too stubborn to admit that he was wrong.

2- difficult to get rid of or deal with
= persistent
*a stubborn cough/stain
(کله شق,سمج، خودسر، سرسخت، لجوج، خیره سر)
—
*She stubbornly refused to pay.
*Unemployment remains stubbornly high.
(لجوجانه، از روی سر سختی، سخت)

Question 34

inherit (verb)
/ɪnˈhɛrət/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they inherit
he / she / it inherits
past simple inherited
-ing form inheriting

Answer 34

1-[transitive, intransitive] inherit (something) (from somebody) to receive money, property, etc. from someone when they die
*She inherited a fortune from her father.

2- [transitive] inherit something (from somebody) to have qualities, physical features, etc. that are similar to those of your parents, grandparents, etc.
*He has inherited his mother’s patience.

3- [transitive] inherit something (from somebody) if you inherit a particular situation from someone, you are now responsible for dealing with it, especially because you have replaced that person in their job
*policies inherited from the previous administration
(به ارث بردن,به میراث بردن، وارث شدن، از دیگری گرفتن، مالک شدن، جانشین شدن)