V2 Flashcards

Question 1

Q

association (noun)
/əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃn/

Answer

A

1-[countable] (abbreviation Assoc.) an official group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose
= organization
*Do you belong to any professional or trade associations?

2- [countable, uncountable] association (with somebody/something) a connection or relationship between people or organizations
*his alleged association with terrorist groups.(ادعای ارتباط وی با گروه های تروریستی)

3- [countable, usually plural] an idea or a memory that is suggested by someone or something; a mental connection between ideas.
*The beach has pleasant associations with childhood vacations for me.

4- [countable] a connection between things where one is caused by the other
*a proven(اثبات کردن) association between passive smoking and cancer

Question 2

Q

biodiversity (noun)
/ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvərsət̮i/
(less frequent biological diversity)
[uncountable]

Answer

A

the existence of a large number of different kinds of animals and plants that make a balanced environment
*The mining project threatens one of the world’s richest areas of biodiversity.
(تنوع زیستی)

Question 3

Q

arrange (verb)
/əˈreɪndʒ/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they arrange
he / she / it arranges
past simple arranged
-ing form arranging

arrangement (noun)

Answer

A

(قرار گذاشتن,مرتب کردن، ترتیب دادن، آراستن، چیدن)
1-[transitive, intransitive] to plan or organize something in advance
* The party was arranged quickly.

2- [transitive] arrange something to put something in a particular order; to make something neat or attractive
*The books are arranged alphabetically by author.

3- [transitive] arrange something (for something) to write or change a piece of music so that it is suitable for a particular instrument or voice
*He arranged traditional folk songs for the piano.

Question 4

Q

volcano (noun)
/vɑlˈkeɪnoʊ/
(pl. volcanoes or volcanos)

Answer

A

کوه آتشفشان

Question 5

Q

union (noun)
/ˈyunyən/

Answer

A

1- (also labor union)(اتحادیه کارگری، ) [countable] an organization of workers, usually in a particular industry, that exists to protect their interests, improve conditions of work, etc.
*I’ve joined the union.

2- [countable] an association or a club for people or organizations with the same interest

3- [countable] a group of states or countries that have the same central government or that agree to work together
*the former(سابق) Soviet Union

4-Union [singular] the U.S. (used especially at the time of the Civil War(جنگ داخلی))
*the Union and the Confederacy

5- [uncountable, singular] the act of joining two or more things together; the state of being joined together; the act of two people joining together
*a summit to discuss economic and monetary(پولی) union

6- [countable] (old-fashioned) a marriage
*Their union was blessed with six children.

Question 6

Q

exclaim(verb)
/ɪkˈskleɪm/
[intransitive, transitive]

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they exclaim
he / she / it exclaims
past simple exclaimed
-ing form exclaiming

Answer

A

-to say something suddenly and loudly, especially because of strong emotion or pain
*She opened her eyes and exclaimed in delight at the scene.
*+ speech “It isn’t fair!” he exclaimed angrily.
*exclaim that… She exclaimed that it was useless.
= at call

Question 7

Q

exclamation (noun)
/ˌɛkskləˈmeɪʃn/

Answer

A

-a short sound, word, or phrase spoken suddenly to express an emotion. Oh!, Look out! and Ow! are exclamations
*He gave an exclamation of surprise.
*exclamation point (!)
*“Is that true?!” she exclaimed.

Question 8

Q

scarecrow (noun)
/ˈskɛrkroʊ/

Answer

A

a figure made to look like a person, that is dressed in old clothes and put in a field to frighten birds away.

Question 9

Q

additional (adjective)
/əˈdɪʃənl/

additionally (adverb)
synonym in addition (to somebody/something)

Answer

A

more than was first mentioned or is usual
= extra
*additional resources/funds(پشتوانه)/security

*Additionally, the bus service will run on Sundays, every two hours.

Question 10

Q

utility (noun) - (adjective)
/yuˈtɪlət̮i/
(pl. utilities)

Answer

A

1- [countable] a service provided for the public, for example an electricity, water, or gas supply
*the administration of public utilities.

2- [uncountable] (formal) the quality of being useful
= usefulness
*This information is of the highest utility to a historian.

3- [countable] (computing) a piece of computer software that performs a particular task

(سودمندی)

Question 11

Q

decline (verb)
/dɪˈklaɪn/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they decline
he / she / it declines
past simple declined
-ing form declining

decline (noun)
/dɪˈklaɪn/
[countable, usually singular, uncountable] decline (in something)

Answer

A

(Verb)
1- [intransitive] to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc.
*Support for the candidate continues to decline.

2- [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to refuse politely to accept or to do something
=refuse
*I offered to give them a ride but they declined.

3- [intransitive, transitive] decline (something) (grammar) if a noun, an adjective, or a pronoun declines, it has different forms according to whether it is the subject or the object of a verb, whether it is in the singular or plural, etc. When you decline a noun, etc., you list these forms.

(noun)
-decline (of something) a continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of something
*a rapid/sharp/gradual decline

Question 12

Q

current (adjective)
/ˈkərənt/

Answer

A

(فعلی، جاری)
1- [only before noun] happening now; of the present time
*current prices

2- being used by or accepted by most people
*words that are no longer current.

Question 13

Q

plot (noun)
/plɑt/

Answer

A

1- [countable, uncountable] the series of events that form the story of a novel, play, movie, etc.
*a conventional plot about love and marriage

2- [countable] plot (to do something) a secret plan made by a group of people to do something wrong or illegal
= conspiracy
*a murder plot

3- [countable] a small piece of land that is used or intended for a special purpose
*She bought a small plot of land to build a house on.

Question 14

Q

caretaker (noun)
/ˈkɛrˌteɪkər/

Answer

A

1-a person who takes care of a house or land while the owner is away.

2- a person such as a teacher, parent, nurse, etc., who takes care of other people

Question 15

Q

recommendation (noun)
/ˌrɛkəmənˈdeɪʃn/

Answer

A

(توصیه، پیشنهاد)
1- [countable] an official suggestion about the best thing to do
*to accept/reject a recommendation.

2-[uncountable, countable] the act of telling someone that something is good or useful or that someone would be suitable for a particular job, etc.
*We chose the hotel on their recommendation (= because they recommended it).

3- [countable] a formal letter or statement that someone would be suitable for a particular job, etc.
= testimonial (گواهی نامه، شهادت، تصدیق نامه، سفارش وتوصیه، )
*to write somebody a recommendation

Question 16

Q

identify (verb)
/aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they identify
he / she / it identifies
past simple identified
-ing form identifying

identity (noun)
identified (adjective)
identifying (adjective)

Answer

A

(شناسایی کردن,تعیین کردن، تعیین هویت کردن، مشخص کردن، تشخیص دادن، مشاهده کردن)
1- (informal ID) to recognize someone or something and be able to say who or what they are
* The bodies were identified as those of two suspected drug dealers.

2- to find or discover someone or something
*Scientists have identified a link between diet and cancer.

3- identify somebody/something (as somebody/something) to make it possible to recognize who or what someone or something is
*In many cases, the clothes people wear identify them as belonging to a particular social class.

Question 17

Q

major (adjective)
/ˈmeɪdʒər/

Answer

A

1- [usually before noun] very large or important
*a major road
*major international companies

opposite minor

2-[not before noun] serious
* Never mind—it’s nothing major.

3- (music) based on a scale (= a series of eight notes) in which the third note is two whole tones/steps higher than the first note
*the key of D major

Question 18

Q

corridor (noun)
/ˈkɔrəˌdɔr/

Answer

A

(راهرو,سرسرا، دالان، دهلیز، راه سرپوشیده)
1-(also hallway) a long narrow passage in a building, with doors that open into rooms on either side
*His room is along the corridor.

2- a passage on a train

3- a long narrow strip of land belonging to one country that passes through the land of another country; a part of the sky over a country that planes, for example from another country, can fly through

4- a long narrow strip of land that follows the course of an important road or river
*the technology industry in the Route 128 corridor.

Question 19

Q

sufficient (adjective)
/səˈfɪʃnt/

sufficiently ( adverb)

Answer

A

(کافی، بس، بسنده، شایسته، صلاحیت دار، قانع)
-enough for a particular purpose; as much as you need
*Allow sufficient time to get there.

*The following day she felt sufficiently well to go to work.

Question 20

Q

prompt (verb)-(noun)-(adjective)
/prɑmpt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they prompt
he / she / it prompts
past simple prompted
-ing form prompting

Answer

A

(verb)
1- [transitive] to make someone decide to do something; to cause something to happen.
= provoke (تحریک کردن,دامن زدن، برانگیختن، برافروختن)
*prompt something… The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.

2- [transitive] to encourage someone to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they could say.
*prompt somebody… She was too nervous to speak and had to be prompted.
prompt somebody to do something (computing)

3- [transitive, intransitive] prompt (somebody) to follow the text of a play and remind the actors what the words are if they forget their lines.

(Noun)
1- a word or words said to an actor, to remind them what to say next when they have forgotten.
2- (computing) a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer has finished doing something and is ready for more instructions.

(adj)
1-done without delay
= immediate
*Prompt action was required as the fire spread(منتشر شدن، گسترش یافتن).

2- [not before noun] (of a person) acting without delay; arriving at the right time
= punctual (وقت شناس)
*Please be prompt when attending these meetings.

(adv)
exactly at the time mentioned.
The meeting will begin at ten o’clock prompt.

Question 21

Q

execute (verb)
/ˈɛksəˌkyut/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they execute
he / she / it executes
past simple executed
-ing form executing

Answer

A

(اعدام کردن؛ اجرا کردن, عمل کردن، اجرا کردن، اداره کردن، قانونی کردن، نواختن، نمایش دادن، دار زدن)
1- [usually passive] execute somebody (for something) to kill someone, especially as a legal punishment
*He was executed for treason(خیانت، پیمان شکنی).

2- execute something (formal) to do a piece of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etc.
*They drew up and executed a plan to reduce fuel consumption.

3- execute something (formal) to successfully perform a skillful action or movement
*The pilot executed a perfect landing.

4- execute something (formal) to make or produce a work of art
*Picasso also executed several landscapes at Horta de San Juan.

5- execute something (law) to follow the instructions in a legal document; to make a document legally valid
*His will was executed by his lawyers in 2008.

Question 22

Q

assess (verb)
/əˈsɛs/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they assess
he / she / it assesses
past simple assessed
-ing form assessing

assessable (adjective)
/əˈsɛsəbl/

Answer

A

(ارزیابی کردن,مالیات بستن به، تشخیص دادن، تعیین کردن، خراج گذاردن بر، جریمه کردن، تقویم کردن )
1- to make a judgment about the nature or quality of someone or something
* It’s difficult to assess the effects of these changes.

2- to calculate the amount or value of something
=estimate (برآورد,ارزیابی کردن)
*They have assessed the amount of compensation(غرامت,جبران خسارت) to be paid.

Question 23

Q

author (noun)
/ˈɔθər/

Answer

A

1- a person who writes books or the person who wrote a particular book
*Who is your favorite author?

2- the person who creates or starts something, especially a plan or an idea
*As the author of the proposal I cannot agree with you.

Question 24

Q

marine (adjective)
/məˈrin/
[only before noun]

Answer

A

(دریایی)
1- connected with the ocean and the creatures and plants that live there
*marine life
*a marine biologist (= a scientist who studies life in the ocean )

2- connected with ships or trade at sea

Question 25

Q

investigate (verb)
/ɪnˈvɛstəˌɡeɪt/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they investigate
he / she / it investigates
past simple investigated
-ing form investigating

investigation (noun)
investigative (adjective)

Answer

A

(تحقیق کردن,جستار کردن، رسیدگی کردن، وارسی کردن، بازجویی کردن، )
1- [intransitive, transitive] to carefully examine the facts of a situation, an event, a crime, etc. to find out the truth about it or how it happened
*The FBI has been called in to investigate.

2- [transitive] investigate somebody (for something) to try to find out information about someone’s character, activities, etc.
* This is not the first time he has been investigated by the police for fraud.

3- [transitive, intransitive] to find out information and facts about a subject or problem by study or research
*investigate (something) Scientists are investigating the effects of diet on fighting cancer.

Question 26

Q

explorer (noun)
/ɪkˈsplɔrər/

Answer

A

a person who travels to unknown places in order to find out more about them
*Early explorers(داد و ستد، کسب و کار، تجارت) traded directly with Native Americans for furs.
(سیاح، جستجوگر، مکتشف)

Question 27

Q

establish (verb)
/ɪˈstæblɪʃ/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they establish
he / she / it establishes
past simple established
-ing form establishing

established (adjective)
establishment (noun)

Answer

A

(تاسیس کردن، برقرار کردن,دایر کردن، بنا نهادن، برپا کردن، ساختن، برقرار کردن، تصدیق کردن)
1- establish something to start or create an organization, a system, a place, etc. that is meant to last for a long time
= set up
*The committee was established in 1912.

2- establish something to start having a relationship, especially a formal one, with another person, group, or country
*The school has established a successful relationship with the local community.

3- establish somebody/something/yourself (in something) (as something) to hold a position for long enough or succeed in something well enough to make people accept and respect you
*By then she was established as a star.

4- establish something to make people accept a belief, claim, custom, etc.
*It was this campaign that established the paper’s reputation.

5- to discover or prove the facts of a situation
= ascertain (معلوم کردن، ثابت کردن، معین کردن)
* Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.

Question 28

Q

refer (verb)
/rɪˈfər/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they refer
he / she / it refers
past simple referred
-ing form referring

refer to (phrasal verb)

Answer

A

(ارجاع دادن,احاله کردن، اشاره کردن، نشان کردن، مراجعه کردن، فرستادن)
1- refer to somebody/something (as something)
to mention or speak about someone or something
*The victims were not referred to by name.

2-refer to somebody/something
to describe or be connected to someone or something
*The star refers to items which are intended for the advanced learner.

3-to look at something or ask a person for information
= consult
*You may refer to your notes if you want.

4- refer somebody/something to somebody/something
to send someone or something to someone or something for help, advice, or a decision
*My doctor referred me to a specialist.

Question 29

Q

refuse (verb)-(noun)
/rɪˈfyuz/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they refuse
he / she / it refuses
past simple refused
-ing form refusing

Answer

A

(V)
(رد کردن,پس مانده، عدم پذیرش، امتناع، سرباز زدن، رد کردن)
1- [intransitive, transitive] to say that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do
*Go on, ask her; she can hardly refuse.

2- [transitive] refuse something to say that you do not want something that has been offered to you
= turn somebody/something— down
*I politely refused their invitation.

3- [transitive] to say that you will not allow something; to say that you will not give or allow someone something that they want or need
= deny (انکار کردن، تکذیب کردن، رد کردن)
*The bank refused his demand (تقاضا) for a full refund(بازپرداخت، استرداد).
*They refused him a visa.(آنها ویزا را رد کردند)

(n)
-waste material that has been thrown away
= garbage
*domestic (حیوان خانگی، اهلی)/household (خانگی) refuse.

Question 30

Q

pile up (phrasal verb)

Answer

A

()
- to become larger in quantity or amount
= accumulate (انباشتن (به مرور)، روی هم گذاشتن، جمع کردن، اندوختن)
*Work always piles up at the end of the year.
*Problems were beginning to pile up.

Question 31

Q

exception (noun)
/ɪkˈsɛpʃn/

Answer

A

(استثنا,اعتراض، رد)
1- a person or thing that is not included in a general statement
*Most of the buildings in the town are modern, but the church is an exception.

2- a thing that does not follow a rule
*Good writing is unfortunately the exception rather than the rule (= it is unusual).

Question 32

Q

strengthen (verb)
/ˈstrɛŋkθən/ , /ˈstrɛŋθən/
[intransitive, transitive]

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they strengthen
he / she / it strengthens
past simple strengthened
-ing form strengthening

strength (noun)

Answer

A

-to become stronger; to make someone or something stronger
*Her position in the party has strengthened in recent weeks.
*Yesterday the yen strengthened against the dollar.
* Repairs are necessary to strengthen the bridge.

Question 33

Q

endanger (verb)
/ɪnˈdeɪndʒər/
endanger somebody/something

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they endanger
he / she / it endangers
past simple endangered
-ing form endangering

Answer

A

(به مخاطره انداختن، در معرض خطر گذاشتن)
- to put someone or something in a situation in which they could be harmed or damaged
*The health of our children is being endangered by exhaust fumes(بخار شدن، دود کردن).

Question 34

Q

representative (noun)-(adjective)
/ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntət̮ɪv/

Answer

A

(معرف، بیانگر، نمایشگر، نماینده، حاکی از)
1- representative (of somebody/something) a person who has been chosen to speak or vote for someone else or on behalf of a group
*a representative of the U.N.

2- (informal rep) a person who works for a company and travels around selling its products
*a sales representative.

3- a person chosen to take the place of someone else
*He was the principal’s(ارباب، عمده، رئیس، مدیر، مطلب مهم، سرمایه اصلی) representative at the ceremony.

4- a person who is typical of a particular group
*The singer is regarded as a representative of the youth of her generation.

5- Representative (abbreviation Rep.) (in the U.S.) a member of the House of Representatives, the lower house of Congress(همایش، کنگره); a member of the House of Representatives in the lower house of a state legislature(قانونگذار، هیات مقننه، )

Question 35

Q

consumption (noun)
/kənˈsʌmpʃn/
[uncountable]

Answer

A

مصرف
1- (formal) the act of using energy, food, or materials; the amount used
*the production of fuel for domestic consumption (= to be used in the country where it is produced)

2-the act of buying and using products
*Consumption rather than saving has become the central feature of contemporary (امروزی) societies.

Question 36

Q

fascinating (adjective)
/ˈfæsəˌneɪt̮ɪŋ/

Answer

A

extremely interesting and attractive
*a fascinating story/subject
*The results of the survey (نظر سنجی، پژوهش) made fascinating reading.

Question 37

Q

chase (verb)
/tʃeɪs/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they chase
he / she / it chases
past simple chased
-ing form chasing

chase away, off, out, etc. (phrasal verb)

Answer

A

(دنبال کردن,تعقیب کردن، دنبال کردن، شکار کردن)
1- run/drive after
* My dog likes chasing rabbits.

2-money/work/success
*Too many people are chasing too few jobs nowadays.
*The team is chasing its first win in five games.

3- [intransitive, transitive] (informal) to try to persuade someone to have a sexual relationship with you
* Kevin’s been chasing after Jan for months.

4- [transitive] chase somebody (informal) to persuade someone to do something that they should have done already
*I need to chase him about organizing the meeting.

5- [intransitive] + adv./prep. (informal) to rush or hurry somewhere
*I’ve been chasing around town all morning looking for a present for Sharon.

6- [transitive] chase something (technology) to cut patterns or designs on metal
*chased silver

-chase somebody/something—away, off, out, etc.
to force someone or something to run away
*Chase the cat out—we don’t want her in the kitchen.
*This particular fish chases off any other fish that enters its territory.

Question 38

Q

science fiction (noun)

(informal sci-fi)
(abbreviation SF)
[uncountable]

Answer

A

-a type of book, movie, etc. that is based on imagined scientific discoveries of the future, and often deals with space travel and life on other planets

Question 39

Q

conservation (noun)
/ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃn/
[uncountable]

Answer

A

1- the protection of the natural environment
= conservancy (حفاظت)
*to be interested in wildlife conservation.

2- the official protection of buildings that have historical or artistic importance.

3- the act of preventing(جلوگیری می کند) something from being lost, wasted, damaged, or destroyed (خراب کردن، ویران کردن)
*to encourage (تشويق كردن) the conservation of water/fuel

Question 40

Q

quota (noun)
/ˈkwoʊt̮ə/

Answer

A

(سهمیه,سهمیه بندی)
1- [countable] the limited number or amount of people or things that is officially allowed
*to introduce a strict (سخت گیر) import quota on grain(دانه گیاهان، بذر).

2-[countable] an amount of something that someone expects or needs to have or achieve
*I’m going home now—I’ve done my quota of work for the day.

3-[singular] (politics) a fixed number of votes that a candidate needs in order to be elected
*He was 76 votes short of the quota.

Question 41

Q

Told (to!) one of my friends.
said to one of my friends

Question 42

Q

graveyard (noun)
/ˈɡreɪvyɑrd/

Answer

A

(cemetery)
1- an area of land, often near a church, where people are buried(بخاک سپرد، زیرخاک کرد).

2- a place where things or people that are not wanted are sent or left
*a graveyard for cars
*The club has become a graveyard for mediocre(حد وسط، میان حال، وسط) local bands.

Question 43

Q

tale (noun)
/teɪl/

Answer

A

1- a story created using the imagination, especially one that is full of action and adventure(ماجراجویانه)
*Dickens’ “A Tale of Two Cities”

2- an exciting spoken description of an event, which may not be completely true
* I love listening to his tales of life at sea.

Question 44

Q

verbal (adjective)
/ˈvərbl/

Answer

A

1- relating to words
*The job candidate must have good verbal skills.

2- spoken, not written
*a verbal agreement/warning

3- (grammar) relating to verbs
*a verbal noun

Question 45

Q

horror (noun)
/ˈhɔrər/

Answer

A

1-[uncountable] a feeling of great shock, fear, or disgust (انزجار، نفرت)
*People watched in horror as the plane crashed to the ground.

2-[singular] a great fear or hatred of something
*horror of something a horror of deep water
*horror of doing something Most people have a horror of speaking in public.

3- [uncountable] the horror of something the very unpleasant nature of something, especially when it is shocking or frightening
*The full horror of the accident was beginning to become clear.

4- [countable, usually plural] a very unpleasant or frightening experience
*the horrors of war

5- [uncountable] a type of book, movie, etc. that is designed to frighten people
In this section you’ll find horror and science fiction.
*a horror movie

Question 46

Q

secularism (noun)
/ˈsɛkyələˌrɪzəm/
[uncountable] (technology)

secularist (adjective [usually before noun])
/ˈsɛkyələrɪst/

Answer

A

-the belief that religion should not be involved in the organization of society, education, etc.

*a secularist culture

Question 47

Q

colonial (adjective)
/kəˈloʊniəl/

Answer

A

استعمارگر,مستعمراتی
1- connected with or belonging to a country that controls another country
*a colonial power

2-Colonial typical of or connected with the U.S. at the time when it was still a British colony
*life in colonial times

Question 48

Q

intellectual (noun)-(adj)
/ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃuəl/

intellectualism (noun [uncountable] (usually disapproving))
/ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃuəˌlɪzəm/

intellectually (adverb)

intellectually challenging

Answer

A

(فرهیخته,عقلی، عقلانی، ذهنی، فکری، خردمند، روشنفکر)
(noun)-a person who is well educated and enjoys activities in which they have to think seriously about things.

(adj)
1-[usually before noun] connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things
*intellectual curiosity
2-(of a person) well educated and enjoying activities in which you have to think seriously about things
*She’s very intellectual.

*intellectually challenging

Question 49

Q

ruler (noun)
/ˈrulər/

Answer

A

1- a person who rules or governs

2- a straight strip of wood, plastic, or metal, marked in inches or centimeters, used for measuring or for drawing straight lines

Question 50

Q

imperialism (noun)
/ɪmˈpɪriəˌlɪzəm/
[uncountable] (usually disapproving)

imperialist (also imperialistic adjective /ɪmˌpɪriəˈlɪstɪk/ )

Answer

A

1- a system in which one country controls other countries, often after defeating(شکست) them in a war
*Roman imperialism.

2- the fact of a powerful country increasing its influence over other countries through business, culture, etc.
*cultural/economic imperialism

*an imperialist power

Question 51

Q

uprising (noun)
/ˈʌpˌraɪzɪŋ/
uprising (against something)

Answer

A

(شورش، طغیان، قیام، برخاست، بلوا، برخیزش)
- a situation in which a group of people join together in order to fight against the people who are in power
= rebellion (سرپیچی، مخالفت,یاغی گری، طغیان، ), revolt
*an armed uprising against the government.

Question 52

Q

defense (noun)
/dɪˈfɛns/

Answer

A

1- [uncountable] the act of protecting someone or something from attack, criticism, etc.
*soldiers who died in defense of their country.

2- [countable, uncountable] defense (against something) something that provides protection against attack from enemies, the weather, illness, etc.
*The town walls were built as a defense against enemy attacks.

3- [uncountable] the organization of the people and systems that are used by a government to protect a country from attack
*the Department of Defense.

4- [countable] something that is said or written in order to support something
*a defense of Marxism

5- [countable] what is said in court to prove that a person did not commit a crime; the act of presenting this argument in court
*Her defense was that she was somewhere completely different at the time of the crime.

6- the defense [singular] the lawyer or lawyers whose job is to prove in court that a person did not commit a crime

7- [singular, uncountable] the players who must prevent the other team from scoring; the position of these players on the sports field
*The Lakers broke through the defense to score the winning basket.

8- [countable] a contest, game, etc. in which the previous winner or winners compete in order to try to win again
*New England’s defense of the Super Bowl title

Question 53

Q

significant (adjective)
/sɪɡˈnɪfəkənt/

Answer

A

(پر معنی، مهم، قابل توجه، حاکی از، عمده، معنی دار, قابل ملاحظه، چشمگیر)
1- large or important enough to have an effect or to be noticed
*a highly significant discovery

2-having a particular meaning
*It is significant that he changed his will only days before his death.

3- [usually before noun] having a special or secret meaning that is not understood by everyone
= meaningful
*a significant look/smile

Question 54

Q

overthrow (verb)
/ˌoʊvərˈθroʊ/

[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they overthrow
he / she / it overthrows
past simple overthrew
past participle overthrown
-ing form overthrowing

Answer

A

overthrow somebody/something to remove a leader or a government from a position of power by force
*The president was overthrown in a military coup(کودتا).

Question 55

Q

crackdown (noun)
/ˈkrækdaʊn/
crackdown (on somebody/something)

Answer

A

(سرکوب,تادیب، سخت گیری)
- severe action taken to restrict (محدود کردن) the activities of criminals or of people opposed(مخالف …، ضد ) to the government or someone in authority(قدرت)
*a military crackdown on student protesters.

Question 56

Q

prison (noun)
/ˈprɪzn/

Answer

A

1- [countable, uncountable] a building where people are kept as a punishment for a crime they have committed, or while they are waiting for trial
= jail
*He was sent to prison for five years.

2- [uncountable] the system of keeping people in prisons
*the prison system

3- [countable] a place or situation from which someone cannot escape
*His hospital room had become a prison.

Question 57

Q

string (noun)
/strɪŋ/

Answer

A

(ریسمان,زه، زهی، سیم، ردیف، سلسله، )

Question 58

Q

symptomatic (adjective)
/ˌsɪmptəˈmæt̮ɪk/

Answer

A

being a sign of an illness or a problem
*a symptomatic infection
*symptomatic of something… These disagreements are symptomatic of the tensions (تنش)within the administration(مدیریت، اداره).

Question 59

Q

prolonged (adjective)
/prəˈlɔŋd/

Answer

A

(طولانی کردن,امتداد دادن، دراز کردن، امتداد یافتن)
- continuing for a long time
*a prolonged illness
*a prolonged period of dry weather

Question 60

Q

multifaceted (adjective)
/ˌmʌltiˈfæsət̮əd/

Answer

A

having many different aspects (جنبه، ابعاد ) to be considered
*a complex and multifaceted problem

Question 61

Q

perceive (verb)
/pərˈsiv/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they perceive
he / she / it perceives
past simple perceived
-ing form perceiving

Answer

A

(دریافتن، مشاهده کردن، دیدن، ملاحظه کردن، , درک کردن)
1- to notice or become aware ( (از چیزی) آگاه بودن) of something.
* I perceived a change in his behavior.

2- to understand or think of someone or something in a particular way
= see
*This discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough(پیشرفت اساسی).

Question 62

Q

governance (noun)
/ˈɡʌvərnəns/
[uncountable] (technology)

Answer

A

(حکمرانی,طرز حکومت، اعمال قوه، اختیار داری، نظارت)
-the activity of governing a country or controlling a company or an organization; the way in which a country is governed or a company or institution is controlled

Question 63

Q

oft-cited

Answer

A

It means “often cited” literally. “Oft-“ is just a shorter way of saying “often”. So, if something is “oft-cited”, it means that it is frequently cited or referenced by other people.

Question 64

Q

dissatisfaction (noun)
/dɪˌsæt̮əsˈfækʃn/
[uncountable] dissatisfaction (with/at somebody/something)

Answer

A

(نارضایتی, ناخرسندی، ناخشنودی، عدم رضایت)
-a feeling that you are not pleased and satisfied
*Many people have expressed their dissatisfaction with the arrangement.
opposite satisfaction.

Answer 64

A

(متعاقب,پیرو، پس آیند، بعدی، پسین، )
- happening or coming after something else
opposite previous
*subsequent generations
*Subsequent events confirmed our doubts.

Answer 65

A

(اصل، اصول )
1- [countable, usually plural, uncountable] a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions
*He has high moral principles.

2- [countable] a law, a rule, or a theory that something is based on
*the principles and practice of writing reports.

3- [countable] a belief that is accepted as a reason for acting or thinking in a particular way
*the principle that free education should be available for all children.

4- [singular] a general or scientific law that explains how something works or why something happens
*the principle that heat rises.

Answer 66

A

(داشتن نگرش معقول و واقع بینانه به زندگی)
- having a sensible and realistic attitude to life
*Away from Hollywood, he relies on his family and friends to keep him grounded.

Answer 67

A

(غیرنظامی؛ داخلی,کشوری، شخصی، شهری، مدنی)
1- [only before noun] connected with the people who live in a country
*civil unrest (= that is caused by groups of people within a country)

2- [only before noun] connected with the state rather than with religion or with the armed forces
*a civil marriage ceremony

3- [only before noun] involving personal legal matters and not criminal law
*a civil court

4- polite in a formal way but possibly not friendly
*The less time I have to spend being civil to him the better!
opposite uncivil

She greeted him civilly but with no sign of affection(محبت، مهربانی).

Answer 68

A

(آزادی,اختیار، اجازه)
1-[uncountable] freedom to live as you choose without too many restrictions from government or authority
*the fight for justice (دادگستری؛ عدالت) and liberty.

2- [uncountable] the state of not being a prisoner(زندانی) or a slave (برده)
*the salves struggle for liberty

3- [countable] the legal right and freedom to do something
The right to vote should be a liberty enjoyed by all.

4- [singular] an act or a statement that may offend or annoy someone, especially because it is done without permission or does not show respect
*He took the liberty of reading my files while I was away.

Answer 69

A

(نقض کردن,تخلف کردن، تجاوز کردن، شکستن، نقض کردن، هتک حرمت کردن، بی حرمت ساختن، مختل کردن)
1- violate something (formal) to go against or refuse to obey a law, an agreement, etc.
= flout (اهانت کردن، بی احترامی کردن (با) at، دست انداختن، استهزاء کردن، اهانت یا بی احترامی کردن، مسخره، توهین، )
*to violate international law

2- violate something (formal) to disturb or not respect someone’s peace, privacy, etc.
* She accused the press photographers of violating her privacy.

3- violate something to damage or destroy a holy or special place
=desecrate (بی حرمت کردن)
*to violate a grave

4- violate somebody (literary or old-fashioned) to force someone to have sex
= rape

*They were in open violation of the treaty(قرارداد، معاهده، پیمان نامه، عهد نامه، )(آنها آشکارا معاهده را نقض می کردند ()
*gross(چندش آور) violations of human rights(حقوق).

Answer 70

A

(مقاومت,تاب، دوام، پایداری، ایستادگی)
1- [uncountable, singular] dislike of or opposition to a plan, an idea, etc.; refusal (امتناع)to obey(اطاعت کردن)
*As with all new ideas, it met with resistance.
*There has been a lot of resistance to this new law.

2-[uncountable, singular] the act of using force to oppose someone or something
*armed resistance.

3- [uncountable, singular] resistance (to something) the power not to be affected by something
*AIDS lowers the body’s resistance to infection.

4- [uncountable, singular] resistance (to something) a force that stops something from moving or makes it move more slowly
*wind/air resistance (= in the design of planes or cars).

5- [uncountable, countable] (physics) (symbol R) the opposition of a piece of electrical equipment, etc. to the flow of a direct current

6- the Resistance [singular] a secret organization that resists the authorities, especially in a country that an enemy has control of
*resistance fighters

Answer 71

A

required by law
= compulsory (اجباری)
*The offense(جرم، جنایت) carries a mandatory life sentence(حبس ابد).

Answer 72

A

مهم
- central; very important; connected with or providing a focus

Answer 73

A

1- [countable] a meeting of people for a particular purpose
*a social/family gathering
*a gathering of religious leaders

2- [uncountable] the process of collecting something
*methods of information gathering

Answer 74

A

1- that can be trusted to do something well; that you can rely on
= dependable (قابل اطمینان)
*We are looking for someone who is reliable and hard-working.

2- that is likely to be correct or true
*Our information comes from a reliable source.
opposite unreliable

*The incident cast doubt on her motives and reliability.
*I am reliably informed (= told by someone who knows the facts) that the company is being sold.

Answer 75

A

(تجربی، مبتنی بر تجربه)
- based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories
*empirical evidence(مدرک، اثبات)/knowledge/research

*Such claims need to be tested empirically.

Answer 76

A

1- [only before noun] connected with religion or with a particular religion
*religious beliefs/faith(ایمان)

2-(of a person) believing strongly in the existence of a god or gods
= devout (دین دار)
*His wife is very religious.

Answer 77

A

برگشتگی از دین
-a person who has rejected their religious or political beliefs

Answer 78

A

(of a crime) that can be punished, especially by law
*a crime punishable by/with imprisonment

Answer 79

A

(بطور مبهم، سربسته)
1- in a way that is not detailed or exact
*a vaguely worded statement (اظهار، بیانیه)

2- slightly
*There was something vaguely familiar about her face.

3- in a way that shows that you are not paying attention or thinking clearly
*He smiled vaguely, ignoring her questions.

Answer 80

A

1- [uncountable] dishonest or illegal behavior, especially of people in authority
*allegations(ادعا، اتهام ) of bribery (رشوه دهی) and corruption.

2- [uncountable] the act or effect of making someone change from moral (اخلاقی) to immoral standards of behavior
*He claimed that sex and violence on TV led to (منجر شد به) the corruption of young people.

3- [countable, usually singular] the form of a word or phrase that has become changed from its original form in some way
*The word “holiday” is a corruption of “holy day.”

Answer 81

A

(با این وجود, با این اوصاف)
-despite something that you have just mentioned
= nonetheless
*There is little chance that we will succeed (موفق شدن) in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.

Answer 82

A

(مدرک، اثبات,بینه، شاهد، دلیل، گواه، ملاک، گواهی، شهادت دادن، ثابت کردن، )
1- [uncountable, countable] the facts, signs, or objects that make you believe that something is true
* There is convincing(متقاعد کننده-adjective) evidence of a link between exposure(در معرض چیزی,پرتوگیری، در معرض دید قرار گرفتن، ظاهر شدن، ظهور، کشف شدن، پیدا شدن، ) to sun and skin cancer.

2-[uncountable] the information that is used in court to try to prove something
*I was asked to give evidence (= to say what I knew, describe what I had seen, etc.) at the trial.

Answer 83

A

(غالب، مسلط، حکمفرما، نافذ، عمده، برجسته، )
1- most obvious or noticeable (قابل ملاحظه، )
*a predominant feature

2- having more power or influence than others
= dominant
*a predominant culture

Answer 84

A

1- how large, important, serious, etc. something is
*It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.

2- the physical size of an area
*You can’t see the full extent of the beach from here.

Answer 85

A

(رقبا, تناقض، تقابل، اقلیت، دشمنی، ضدیت، مخالفت، مقاومت، تضاد، مقابله، مخالفت)
1- [uncountable] opposition (to somebody/something) the act of strongly disagreeing with someone or something, especially with the aim of preventing something from happening.
*Delegates expressed strong opposition to the plans.

2-the opposition [singular] the people you are competing against in business, a competition, a game, etc.
*He went to work for the opposition.

3- the opposition (also the Opposition) [singular] the main political party that is opposed to the party that is in power; the political parties that are in a parliament, but not part of the government
*the leader of the opposition.

4- [uncountable, countable] (formal) the state of being as different as possible; two things that are as different as possible
*the opposition between good and evil

oppositional groups/tactics

Answer 86

A

(اعتراض)
- the expression of strong disagreement with or opposition to something ; a statement or an action that shows this
*The director resigned in protest at the decision.
*The announcement(اطلاعیه، اعلان) raised a storm of protest.

Answer 87

A

(دفاع کردن, حمایت کردن)

Answer 88

A

(مساعد، مطلوب)
1- making people have a good opinion of someone or something
*She made a favorable impression on his parents.

2- positive and showing your good opinion of someone or something
*favorable comments

3- favorable (to/for somebody/something) good for something and making it likely to be successful or have an advantage
=advantageous (برتر، دارای مزیت، سودمند، نافع، باصرفه)
*The terms of the agreement are favorable to both sides.

4- fairly good and not too expensive
*They offered me a loan on very favorable terms.
opposite unfavorable

*He speaks very favorably of your work.

Answer 89

A

(به طور گسترده)
1- generally, without considering details
*Broadly speaking, I agree with you.

2- if you smile broadly, you smile with your mouth stretched very wide because you are very pleased or amused

Answer 90

A

(لطف,همراهی، التفات، توجه، مساعدت، مرحمت کردن، نیکی کردن، طرفداری کردن)
1- [countable] a thing that you do to help someone
*Could you do me a favor and pick up Sam from school today?

2- [uncountable] approval or support for someone or something
*The suggestion to close the road has found favor with (= been supported by) local people.

3- [uncountable] treatment that is generous to one person or group in a way that seems unfair to others
= bias (تعصب,سو گیری)
*As a coach, she showed no favor to any of the girls on the softball team.

4- party gift
favors [plural]

5- favors [plural] (old-fashioned) agreement to have sex with someone
*demands(تقاضا) for sexual favors

Answer 91

A

1- affairs [plural] events that are of public interest or political importance
*world/international/business affairs

2- [countable, usually singular] an event that people are talking about or describing in a particular way
*The newspapers exaggerated the whole affair wildly.

3- [countable] a sexual relationship between two people, usually when one or both of them is married to someone else
*She is having an affair with her boss.

4- affairs [plural] matters connected with a person’s private business and financial situation
*I took care of my father’s financial affairs.

5- [singular] a thing that someone is responsible for (and that other people should not be concerned with)
= business
*How I spend my money is my affair.

6- [countable] (old-fashioned) (with an adjective) an object that is unusual or difficult to describe
*Her hat was an amazing affair with feathers (پر)and a huge brim(کنار، حاشیه).

Answer 92

A

(معاصر,همزمان، هم دوره)
1-belonging to the present time
= modern
*contemporary fiction/music/dance.

2- contemporary (with somebody/something) belonging to the same time
*We have no contemporary account of the battle (= written near the time that it happened).

Answer 93

A

(طعنه آمیز,طعنه زن، طعنه ای، کنایه دار)
1- showing that you really mean the opposite of what you are saying; expressing irony
*an ironic comment.

2- (of a situation) strange or amusing because it is very different from what you expect(انتظار داشتن).
*It’s ironic that she became a teacher—she used to hate school.

Ironically, the book she felt was her worst sold more copies than any of her others.

Answer 94

A

1- trigger something (off) to make something happen suddenly
= set off
*Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction.

2- trigger something to cause a device to start functioning
= set something—off
*to trigger an alarm.

Answer 95

A

1- [countable] words or phrases that a group of people shout or sing again and again
*The crowd broke into chants of “Out! Out!”

2- [countable, uncountable] a religious song or prayer, or a way of singing, using only a few notes that are repeated many times
*a Buddhist chant

Answer 96

A

(تکرار کردن,عود کردن، تکرار شدن، دور زدن، باز رخدادن)
-to happen again or a number of times
*This theme recurs several times throughout the book.

Answer 97

A

(انتقاد,نقد ادبی، عیبجویی، نقدگری، نکوهش)
1- [uncountable, countable] the act of expressing disapproval of someone or something and opinions about their faults or bad qualities; a statement showing disapproval
*The plan has attracted criticism from consumer groups.

2-[uncountable] the work or activity of making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad qualities of someone or something, especially books, music, etc.
*literary criticism

Answer 98

A

(ساطع شدن، ناشی شدن، سرچشمه گرفتن، بیرون امدن، جاری شدن، تجلی کردن)
- to produce or show something
*He emanates power and confidence.

Answer 99

A

(شک، شبهه، سوء ظن)
1-[uncountable, countable] a feeling that someone has done something wrong, illegal, or dishonest, even though you have no proof
*They drove away slowly to avoid arousing suspicion.

2-[countable] suspicion (that…) a feeling or belief that something is true, even though you have no proof
*I have a horrible suspicion that we got off at the wrong stop.

3-[uncountable, countable] the feeling that you cannot trust someone or something
*Their offer was greeted with some suspicion.

4-[singular] suspicion of something (formal) a small amount of something
synonym hint
*His mouth quivered in the suspicion of a smile.

Answer 100

A

1- in a way that produces a thin piece or layer of something
*Slice the potatoes thinly.

2- with only a few things or people spread over a place so that there is a lot of space between them
*a thinly populated area

3- in a way that is not sincere or enthusiastic
*She smiled thinly.

4- in a way that does not hide the truth very well
= barely (به سختی، به زور)
*The novel is a thinly disguised autobiography.

Answer 101

A

(محجبه)
1- not expressed directly or clearly because you do not want your meaning to be obvious
*a thinly veiled threat

2- wearing a veil
a mysterious veiled woman

Answer 102

A

(سرنگون کردن حکومت، سیستم براندازی، برانداختن، از بین بردن، نابود کردن، درون واژگونی)
1- [transitive, intransitive] subvert (something) to try to destroy the authority of a political, religious, etc. system by attacking it secretly or indirectly
= undermine (سست کردن,تحلیل بردن، از زیر خراب کردن)

2-[transitive] subvert something to try to destroy a person’s belief in something or someone
= undermine

Answer 103

A

-to wear clothes that are more formal than those you usually wear
*There’s no need to dress up—come as you are.

-dress up | dress somebody up
to put on special clothes, especially to pretend to be someone or something different; to help somebody do this
*Kids love dressing up.

dress something up
to present something in a way that makes it seem better or different
*However much you try to dress it up, office work is not glamorous(دلربا، جذاب، فریبنده، مسحور کننده).

Answer 104

A

(ثابت قدم,استوار، استحکام، سازگار، نامتناقض، غلظت )
1- (approving) always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc.
*She’s not very consistent in the way she treats her children.

2- happening in the same way and continuing for a period of time
*the senator’s consistent failure to come up with any new policies.

3- consistent with something in agreement with something; not contradicting something
*The results are entirely consistent with our earlier research.

4- (of an argument or a set of ideas) having different parts that all agree with each other
*a well-thought-out and consistent argument
opposite inconsistent

*Her work has been consistently excellent.

Answer 105

A

(بنیادی، ریشه ای، اساسی)
1- serious and very important; affecting the most central and important parts of something
= basic
*There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view.

2- fundamental (to something) central; forming the necessary basis of something
= essential
*Hard work is fundamental to success.

3- [only before noun] (physics) forming the source or base from which everything else is made; not able to be divided any further
*a fundamental particle

Answer 106

A

1- [usually before noun] connected with political revolution
*a revolutionary leader

2-involving a great or complete change
*a revolutionary idea

3- Revolutionary connected with the American Revolution
*Revolutionary ideals of liberty and democracy

Answer 107

A

(سخن گفتن، سخنرانی کردن، ادا کردن، مباحثه، قدرت استقلال)
1-[countable, uncountable] (formal) a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing
*a discourse on issues of gender and sexuality.

2-[uncountable] (linguistics) the use of language in speech and writing in order to produce meaning; language that is studied, usually in order to see how the different parts of a text are connected
*spoken/written discourse

Answer 108

A

1- connected with office work
clerical workers/staff/assistants

2- connected with the clergy (= priests)
*a clerical collar (= one that fastens at the back, worn by some priests)

Answer 109

A

-by a great amount:
*by far the best …They are by far the best students in the class.
*Our economy is the fastest growing in the region by far.

*Messi is the greatest football player of all time by far.
*Messi is the greatest football player to have ever played the game.

Answer 110

A

*Have you ever read a best-seller?

Answer 111

A

1*It is said that … ([people] say that …)

2*Have been sold ([the store] have sold over 495 million units)

Answer 112

A

*our conversation is always superficial(سطحی). (shallow-کم عمق-سطحی)

Answer 113

A

(Superstructure)
(روبنا-روساخت-سازمانهای اداری ومدیریه کشور)
*the relationship between the economic base of society and the political superstructure of power.

(infrastructure)
(زیر ساخت-شالوده-زیر بنا)

*infrastructural development

Answer 114

A

*Who invented the steam engine?
*What excuse did he invent this time?

(inventive -اختراعی-مبتکر-اختراع کننده)
*She has a highly inventive mind.
*This is a courageous(شجاع) and inventive piece of film-making.

*the inventiveness of modern advertising

Answer 115

A

Spread (v.) / spread/ spread
(گسترش یافتن-پخش کردن-منتشر شدن)

Answer 116

A

(مسری-واگیردار-واگیر)
* contagious laugh
1-a contagious disease spreads by people touching each other
*Scarlet fever is highly contagious.
*(figurative-تمثیلی) His enthusiasm(شور و شوق) was contagious (= spread quickly to other people).

2-[not usually before noun] if a person is contagious, they have a disease that can be spread to other people by touch

Answer 117

A

-Is there a universal rule about how us, as human beings, should dress ourselves?

-There are universal ethical(اخلاقی) issues with any war.

Answer 118

A

*made-up game.
1-wearing makeup
*a heavily made-up face/woman

2-not true or real; invented
*a made-up story/word/name

Answer 119

A

*in the past fourteen years, I have mastered the soft skills of work place.
1-master something to learn or understand something completely
*to master new skills/techniques

2-master something to manage to control an emotion
*She struggled hard to master her temper.

3-master something/somebody to gain control of an animal or a person

Answer 120

A

*For the sake of simplicity, let’s divide the discussion into two parts.
*the simplicity of country living

*the increasing complexity of modern telecommunication (مخابرات) systems
*the complexities of the system

Answer 121

A

= there is no doubt

Answer 122

A

lead up to something
to be an introduction to or the cause of something
*the weeks leading up to the final exam
*the events leading up to the strike(حوادث منتهی به اعتصاب)

Answer 123

A

1- [countable, uncountable] an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a country, especially by violent action
*a socialist (جامعه گرای) revolution
*to start a revolution

2- [countable] a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc. that affects large numbers of people
*a cultural/social/scientific, etc. revolution

3-[countable, uncountable] revolution (around/on something) a complete circular movement around a point, especially of one planet around another
*the revolution of the earth around the sun

4-(informal rev) [countable] a circular movement made by something fixed to a central point, for example in a car engine
*rotating at 300 revolutions per minute

Answer 124

A

(ادعا کردن)
-to state something as a fact but without giving proof(اثبات)
*allege (that)…/it is alleged (that)…/be alleged to be, have, etc. something/allege something
The prosecution(پیگرد قانونی) alleges (that) she was driving carelessly.
He is alleged to have mistreated (بدرفتاری کردن) the prisoners.

*the alleged attacker/victim/killer (= that someone says is one)

*crimes allegedly(ظاهرا) committed during the war

*to investigate(بررسی کردن)/deny(انکار کردن)/withdraw (عقب کشیدن) an allegation

Answer 125

A

(فرقه، جناح-نزاع، مخالفت، نفاق، دسته بندی، حزب، انجمن)
1-[countable] a small group of people within a larger one, whose members have some different aims and beliefs to those of the larger group
*rival (رقیب) factions within the administration(مدیریت).

2- [uncountable] opposition, disagreement, etc. that exists between small groups of people within an organization or political party
*a party divided by faction and intrigue(دسیسه)

3- [uncountable] movies, books, etc. that combine fact with fiction (= imaginary events)

Answer 126

A

(نوسازی کردن-تجدید بنا کردن، از نو ساختن، احیا کردن، )
1- reconstruct something (from something) to build or make something again that has been damaged or that no longer exists
*Old London Bridge was bought(خریداری شده) by an American and reconstructed in Arizona.

2- reconstruct something to be able to describe or show exactly how a past event happened, using the information you have gathered
*Investigators(بازپرس-رسیدگی کننده، بازجو، مامور تحقیق، ) are trying to reconstruct the circumstances(اوضاع، شرایط) of the crash.

Answer 127

A

(کوشش کردن؛ کوشش-سو قصد کردن، قصد کردن، مبادرت کردن به، تقلا کردن، جستجو کردن، کوشش، قصد، )
1- [countable, uncountable] an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult, often with no success
*I passed my driving test on the first attempt.

2-[countable] attempt (on somebody/on somebody’s life) an act of trying to kill someone
*Someone has made an attempt on the president’s life.

3-[countable] attempt (on something) an effort(تلاش، کوشش) to do better than something, such as a very good performance in sports
*his attempt on the world land speed record

Answer 128

A

(اقرار شده، ادعا شده، اظهارشده، ادعاشده، متعهد، مدعی)
1- used to describe a belief or a position that someone has publicly made known
*a professed Christian(مسیحی)/anarchist (هرج و مرج طلب، اشوب طلب)

2-used to describe a feeling or an attitude that someone says they have but that may not be sincere
*These, at least, were their professed reasons for pulling out of the deal.

Answer 129

A

(استدلال کننده، توضیح دهنده، طرفدار)
-a person who supports an idea or a course of action
= advocate (دفاع کردن، طرفداری کردن، حامی، طرفدار، وکیل مدافع)

Answer 130

A

برعکس

Answer 131

A

1- very weak
*a feeble old man
*The heartbeat was feeble and irregular.

2-not effective; not showing determination or energy
*a feeble argument/excuse/joke

*He shook his head feebly.
(shake-shook-shaken)

Answer 132

A

(مستقر کردن-گسترش دادن، گسترش یافتن، باز شدن، جبهه، به حالت صف درآوردن، قرار دادن)
1- deploy somebody/something (technology) to move soldiers or weapons(سلاح) into a position where they are ready for military action
*2,000 troops (افراد)were deployed in the area.

2- deploy something (formal) to use something effectively
*to deploy arguments/resources
*She rejected the arguments that had been deployed against her.

Answer 133

A

(ذاتی,اصلی)
-that is a basic or permanent part of someone or something and that cannot be removed
synonym intrinsic
*the difficulties inherent in a study of this type.
*Violence is inherent in our society.

*an inherently (ذاتا) unworkable(غیر قابل اجرا) system

Answer 134

A

(ارزش، شایستگی,سزاواری، لیاقت، شایسته بودن، استحقاق داشتن)
1-[uncountable] (formal) the quality of being good and of deserving praise, reward, or admiration
= worth
*He was awarded a certificate of merit for his piano playing.

2- [countable, usually plural] a good feature that deserves praise, reward, or admiration
= strength (استحکام - قدرت)
*We will consider each case on its (own) merits (= without considering any other issues, feelings, etc.).

Answer 135

A

(تحمیل، تکلیف، وضع، باج، مالیات، عوارض)
1- [uncountable] the act of introducing something such as a new law or rule, or a new tax
*the imposition of martial(رزمی) law.

2-[countable] an unfair or unreasonable thing that someone expects or asks you to do
*I’d like to stay if it’s not too much of an imposition.

(Verb)
*A new tax was imposed on fuel.
*The time limits are imposed on us by factors outside our control.

Answer 136

A

(قانون اساسي)
1- [countable] the system of laws and basic principles that a state, a country, or an organization is governed by
*your right to vote under the constitution

2-[countable] the condition of a person’s body and how healthy it is
to have a healthy/strong/weak constitution

3- [uncountable, countable] (formal) the way something is formed or organized
synonym structure
the genetic constitution of cells
4-[uncountable] (formal) the act of forming something
synonym establishment, setting up
He recommended the constitution of a review committee.

Answer 137

A

1- [uncountable, countable] movies, music, etc. used to entertain people; an example of this
*radio, television, and other forms of entertainment.

2-[uncountable] the act of entertaining someone
*a budget for the entertainment of clients

Answer 138

A

1- a person whose job is to act for, or manage the affairs of, other people in business, politics, etc.
*an insurance(بیمه) agent

2-a person whose job is to arrange work for an actor, musician, sports player, etc. or to find someone who will publish a writer’s work
*a theatrical/literary agent

Answer 139

A

-to repair and paint an old building, a piece of furniture, etc. so that it is in good condition again

*buildings in need of renovation
*renovation work
*There will be extensive renovations to the hospital

Answer 140

A

1- [intransitive] interact (with somebody) to communicate with someone, especially while you work, play or spend time with them
*Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child.

2- [intransitive] interact (with something) if one thing interacts with another, or if two things interact, the two things have an effect on each other
*Perfume interacts with the skin’s natural chemicals.

*interaction (between somebody/something)/ the interaction between performers and their audience
*interaction (with somebody/something)/
the interaction of bacteria with the body’s natural chemistry

Answer 141

A

1- [transitive, intransitive] to have an idea that something is probably true or likely to happen, especially something bad, but without having definite proof
*suspect (something)
If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.

2-[transitive] suspect something to be suspicious about something; to not trust something
*I suspected her motives in offering to help.

3- [transitive] to have an idea that someone is guilty of something, without having definite proof
* He resigned after being suspected of theft.

Answer 142

A

1- (of an action, event, etc.) seeming natural, reasonable. or sensible
*a logical thing to do in the circumstances(موقعیت)

2-following or able to follow the rules of logic in which ideas or facts are based on other true ideas or facts
*a logical argument
*Computer programming needs someone with a logical mind.
opposite illogical

(منطقی-عقلانی-استدلالی)
*to argue logically

Answer 143

A

1-a person whose job is to cut, wash, and shape hair.

2-a place where you can get your hair cut, washed, and shaped.

Answer 144

A

1-to give things to a large number of people; to share something between a number of people
* The newspaper is distributed free.

2-distribute something to send goods to stores and businesses so that they can be sold
*Who distributes our products in the U.K?

Answer 145

A

1-rinse something to wash something with clean water only, not using soap
*Rinse the cooked pasta with boiling water.

2-rinse something to remove the soap from something with clean water after washing it

(آبکشی کنید-شستشو-با آب پاک کردن)

Answer 146

A

1-[transitive, intransitive] to put something in liquid for a time so that it becomes completely wet; to become completely wet in this way
* I usually soak the beans overnight.

2-[transitive] soak somebody/something to make someone or something completely wet
synonym drench
*A sudden shower of rain soaked the spectators.

(خیس خوردن-خیساندن)

Answer 147

A

1- to improve the quality of something, often by adding something to it
* The study of science has enriched all of our lives.

2-enrich somebody/something to make someone or something rich or richer
*a nation enriched by oil revenues

(غنی سازی-توانگر کردن)

Answer 148

A

(adv)
(به ناچار)
1-as is certain to happen
*Inevitably, the press exaggerated the story.

2-(often humorous) as you would expect
*Inevitably, it rained on the day of the wedding.

(adj)
(اجتناب ناپذیر-بدیهی-حتمی الوقوع)
1-that you cannot avoid or prevent
synonym unavoidable
*It was an inevitable consequence of the decision.

2-[only before noun] (often humorous) so frequent that you always expect it
*toddlers and their inevitable tantrums(کج خلقی)

3- the inevitable noun [singular] something that is certain to happen
*You have to accept the inevitable.

(n)
*the inevitability of death
*There was an inevitability about their defeat(شکست).

Answer 149

A

-a glass cup with straight sides and a lip, used in chemistry, for example for measuring liquids

Answer 150

A

(فرقه، جناح-نزاع، مخالفت، نفاق، دسته بندی، حزب، انجمن، )
1- [countable] a small group of people within a larger one, whose members have some different aims and beliefs to those of the larger group
*rival(رقیب -/ˈraɪvəl/) factions within the administration

2- [uncountable] opposition, disagreement, etc. that exists between small groups of people within an organization or political party
*a party divided by faction and intrigue(دسیسه کردن، توطئه چیدن، فریفتن)

3- [uncountable] movies, books, etc. that combine fact with fiction (= imaginary events)

Answer 151

A

(نوسازی کردن,تجدید بنا کردن، از نو ساختن، احیا کردن، )
1- reconstruct something (from something) to build or make something again that has been damaged or that no longer exists
*Old London Bridge was bought by an American and reconstructed in Arizona.

2- reconstruct something to be able to describe or show exactly how a past event happened, using the information you have gathered
*Investigators(رسیدگی کننده، بازجو، مامور تحقیق) are trying to reconstruct the circumstances of the crash.

Answer 152

A

(کوشش کردن؛ کوشش,سو قصد کردن، قصد کردن، مبادرت کردن به، تقلا کردن، جستجو کردن، کوشش، قصد)
(Verb)
-to make an effort or try to do something, especially something difficult
* I will attempt to answer all your questions.
* The prisoners(زندانی، اسیر) attempted an escape, but failed.

(Noun)
1- [countable, uncountable] an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult, often with no success
*I passed my driving test on the first attempt.

2-[countable] attempt (on somebody/on somebody’s life) an act of trying to kill someone
*Someone has made an attempt on the president’s life.

3- [countable] attempt (on something) an effort to do better than something, such as a very good performance in sports
*his attempt on the world land speed record

Answer 153

A

(adj)
(اقرار شده، ادعا شده، اظهارشده، ادعاشده، متعهد، مدعی، )
1- used to describe a belief or a position that someone has publicly made known
*a professed Christian/anarchist

2- used to describe a feeling or an attitude that someone says they have but that may not be sincere
*These, at least, were their professed reasons for pulling out of the deal.

(v)
(ادعا یا اظهار کردن، ادعا کردن، اظهارکردن، تدریس کردن، ابراز ایمان کردن)
1-to claim that something is true or correct, especially when it is not
* She still professes her innocence(بی گناهی، بی تقصیری، پاکی، برائت).

2- to state openly that you have a particular belief, feeling, etc.
= declare (اظهار داشتن، گفتن، اعلان کردن، شناساندن)
*profess something He professed his admiration for their work.

3-profess something to belong to a particular religion
*to profess Christianity/Islam/Judaism

Answer 154

A

(استدلال کننده، توضیح دهنده، طرفدار)
- a person who supports an idea or a course of action
= advocate (دفاع کردن، طرفداری کردن، حامی، طرفدار، وکیل مدافع)

Answer 155

A

(ضعیف,کم زور، ناتوان، عاجز، سست، نحیف)
1- very weak
*a feeble old man / *The heartbeat was feeble and irregular.

2-not effective; not showing determination or energy
*a feeble argument/excuse/joke / * a feeble attempt to explain.

*He shook (P. shake) his head feebly.

Answer 156

A

(ارزش، شایستگی,سزاواری، لیاقت، شایسته بودن، استحقاق داشتن، )
1- [uncountable] (formal) the quality of being good and of deserving praise, reward, or admiration
= worth
*a work of outstanding artistic merit

2- [countable, usually plural] a good feature that deserves praise, reward, or admiration
= strength (قدرت بدنی، توان,شدت)
*They weighed the relative merits of the four candidates.

Answer 157

A

(تحمیل، تکلیف، وضع، باج، مالیات، عوارض)
1- [uncountable] the act of introducing something such as a new law or rule, or a new tax
*the imposition of martial (نظامی) law

2- [countable] an unfair or unreasonable thing that someone expects or asks you to do
*I’d like to stay if it’s not too much of an imposition.

Answer 158

A

(قانون اساسی,نظام نامه، تشکیل، تاسیس، مشروطیت، ساختمان و وضع طبیعی، مزاج، بنیه)
1- [countable] the system of laws and basic principles(اصول اخلاقی، اصول) that a state, a country, or an organization is governed by
*your right to vote under the constitution.

2- [countable] the condition of a person’s body and how healthy it is
*to have a healthy/strong/weak constitution

3- [uncountable, countable] (formal) the way something is formed or organized
= structure
*the genetic constitution of cells

4- [uncountable] (formal) the act of forming something
= establishment, setting up
*He recommended the constitution of a review committee.

Answer 159

A

1- [transitive, intransitive] to look for something or someone
* Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes.

2- [transitive, intransitive] seek (something) to try to obtain or achieve something
*to seek funding for a project

3-[transitive] to ask someone for something
* I think it’s time we sought legal advice.

4-[intransitive] seek to do something to try to do something
= attempt
*They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protesters.

5- -seeking (in adjectives and nouns) looking for or trying to get the thing mentioned; the activity of doing this
*attention-seeking behavior

–seek somebody/something out:
to look for and find someone or something, especially when this means using a lot of effort

Answer 160

A

(مظهر چیزی بودن,متضمن بودن، مجسم کردن، دربرداشتن، جسم دادن، )
1- to express or represent an idea or a quality
= represent
* a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth.

2- embody something (formal) to include or contain something
*This model embodies many new features.

Answer 161

A

-derive from something | be derived from something
to come or develop from something
*The word “politics” is derived from a Greek word meaning “city.”

-derive something from something
1- (formal) to get something from something
*He derived great pleasure from painting.
2-(technology) to obtain a substance from something
*The new drug is derived from fish oil.

Answer 162

A

(adj)
(انحصاری,تنها، منحصر به فرد، گران، دربست، )
1- only to be used by one particular person or group; only given to one particular person or group.
*The hotel has exclusive access to the beach.

2- (of a group, society, etc.) not very willing to allow new people to become members, especially if they are from a lower social class
*He belongs to an exclusive club.

3- of a high quality and expensive, and therefore not often bought or used by most people.
*an exclusive hotel

4- not able to exist or be a true statement at the same time as something else
*The two options are not mutually exclusive (= you can have them both).

5- (formal) exclusive of somebody/something not including someone or something
*The price is for room only, exclusive of meals.
opposite inclusive

*a charity that relies almost exclusively on voluntary contributions

Answer 163

A

(سلطه,پادشاهی و سلطنت، فرمانروایی، حاکمیت، سیادت و سلطه)
1- sovereignty (over something) complete power to govern a country
*The country claimed sovereignty over the island.

2- the state of being a country with freedom to govern itself
*The declaration ( دادخواست، بیان، اظهارنامه، ) proclaimed(به طور رسمی اعلام کردن) the full sovereignty of the republic.

Answer 164

A

1- to make a law affecting something
*The government will legislate against discrimination in the workplace.

2- (figurative -تمثیلی)
You can’t legislate against bad luck!
They promised to legislate to protect people’s right to privacy.

Answer 165

A

(ارایه، تسلیم,نظریه، تکمین، مطیع، تابع، تسلیم، واگذاری)
1- [uncountable] the act of accepting that someone has defeated you and that you must obey them
= surrender (تسلیم شدن,صرفنظر کردن، واگذار کردن، )
*to beat(شکست دادن)/force/starve(گرسنگی کشیدن، ) someone into submission

2- [uncountable, countable] the act of giving a document, proposal, etc. to someone in authority so that they can study or consider it; the document, etc. that you give
*When is the final date for the submission of proposals?

3- [countable] (law) a statement that is made to a judge in court

Answer 166

A

(فرماندهی کردن؛ فرمان دادن,امر دادن، دستور دادن، دستور، فرمایش، سرکردگی، فرماندهی، فرمان دادن، حکم کردن، )
1- [uncountable] control and authority over a situation or a group of people
*He has 1,200 men under his command.

2-[countable] an order given to a person or an animal
*Begin when I give the command.

3- [countable] an instruction given to a computer
*What is the startup command for the program?

4- Command [countable] a part of an army, air force, etc. that is organized and controlled separately; a group of officers who give orders
*Strategic Air Command

5- [uncountable, singular] command (of something) your knowledge of something; your ability to do or use something, especially a language
*Applicants will be expected to have (a) good command of English.

Answer 167

A

(الهی,خدایی، یزدانی، کشیش، استنباط کردن، غیب گویی کردن)
1- [usually before noun] coming from or connected with God or a god
*divine law/love/will

2- (old-fashioned) wonderful; beautiful
*That mango tasted divine!

Answer 168

A

(افشاگری,فاش سازی، آشکار سازی، افشا، وحی، الهام)
1- [countable] revelation (about/concerning something) revelation (that…) a fact that people are made aware of, especially one that has been secret and is surprising
= disclosure
*startling/sensational revelations about her private life

2- [uncountable] revelation (of something) the act of making people aware of something that has been secret
= disclosure
*The company’s financial problems followed the revelation of a major fraud scandal.

3- [countable, uncountable] something that is considered to be a sign or message from God
*These events were seen as a divine revelation.

Answer 169

A

(به جلو، به بعد,از حالا، دور از مکان اصلی، جلو، پیش، پس، تمام کردن، بیرون از، مسیر آزاد)
1- away from a place; out
*They set forth at dawn.

2- toward a place; forward
*Water gushed forth from a hole in the rock.

Answer 170

A

(اجرایی,اداری، مجری)
-connected with organizing the work of a business or an institution
*an administrative job/assistant/error

Answer 171

A

(کنترل، نظارت,مقررات و نظامات، نظام، نظامنامه، تنظیم، تعدیل، قاعده، دستور، قانون، آیین نامه)
1-[countable, usually plural] an official rule made by a government or some other authority
*too many rules and regulations

2-[uncountable] controlling something by means of rules
*the voluntary regulation of the press.

Answer 172

A

(معیار، ضابطه,ملاک، میزان، مقیاس، نشان قطعی، محک،)
-a standard or principle by which something is judged, or with the help of which a decision is made
*The main criterion is value for money.

Answer 173

A

1-strange or unusual
*They’re very odd people.

2-(in compounds) strange or unusual in the way mentioned
*an odd-looking house

3-the odd [only before noun] (no comparative or superlative) happening or appearing occasionally; not very regular or frequent
= occasional (گاه و بی گاه,اتفاقی)
*He makes the odd mistake—nothing too serious.

4- [only before noun] (no comparative or superlative) of no particular type or size; various
*decorations made of odd scraps of paper

5- [usually before noun] (no comparative or superlative) not with the pair or set that it belongs to; not matching
*You’re wearing odd socks!

6- (no comparative or superlative) (of numbers) that cannot be divided exactly by the number two
*1, 3, 5, and 7 are odd numbers.
opposite even.

7- (no comparative or superlative; usually placed immediately after a number) approximately, or a little more than the number mentioned
*How old is she—seventy odd?

*the oddness of her appearance

Answer 174

A

(نزدیک شدن، نزدیک آمدن,دیدگاه، روش، رویکرد، شیوه، برداشت)
1- [intransitive, transitive] to come near to someone or something in distance or time
*We heard the sound of an approaching car/a car approaching.

2- [transitive] to speak to someone about something, especially to ask them for something or to offer to do something
* We have been approached by a number of companies that are interested in our product.

3- [transitive] approach something to come close to something in amount, level, or quality
*profits approaching 30 million dollars.

4-[transitive] approach something to start dealing with a problem, task, etc. in a particular way
*What’s the best way of approaching this problem?

Answer 175

A

-a person who is taking part in an activity or event
*He has been an active participant in the discussion.

Answer 176

A

(گفتمان,سخن گفتن، سخنرانی کردن، ادا کردن، مباحثه، قدرت استقلال)
1- [countable, uncountable] (formal) a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing
*a discourse on issues of gender and sexuality

2- [uncountable] (linguistics) the use of language in speech and writing in order to produce meaning; language that is studied, usually in order to see how the different parts of a text are connected
*spoken/written discourse

Answer 177

A

(جواب دهنده، طرف صحبت، هم سخن)
1- a person taking part in a conversation with you
2-a person or an organization that talks to another person or organization on behalf of someone else.

Answer 178

A

(فرض، گمان,قصد، انگاشت، پنداشت)
1- [countable] a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof
*an underlying/implicit assumption

2- [countable, uncountable] assumption of something (formal) the act of taking or beginning to have power or responsibility
*their assumption of power/control.

Answer 179

A

(باید (لازم است که …))
1- used to say what is the right thing to do
*They ought to apologize.

2- used to say what you expect or would like to happen
*Children ought to be able to read by the age of 7.

3- used to say what you advise or recommend
*We ought to be leaving now.

4- used to say what has probably happened or is probably true
*If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now.

Answer 180

A

(خنثی,بی اثر، بی طرف، بدون جانبداری، بیرنگ)
1- not supporting or helping either side in a disagreement, competition, etc.
synonym impartial, unbiased
Journalists are supposed to be politically neutral.

2- not belonging to any of the countries that are involved in a war; not supporting any of the countries involved in a war
*neutral territory/waters

3- deliberately not expressing any strong feeling
*“So you told her?” he said in a neutral tone of voice.

4- not very bright or strong, such as gray or light brown
*a neutral color scheme

5- neither acid nor alkaline

6- (abbreviation N.) having neither a positive nor a negative electrical charge
*the neutral wire in a plug

Answer 181

A

(چیزی را مشخص کردن، تعیین کردن,تصمیم گرفتن، مصمم شدن، حکم دادن)
1- [transitive] to discover the facts about something; to calculate something exactly
= establish
* An inquiry(تحقیق) was set up to determine the cause of the accident.

2- [transitive] determine something determine what, whether, etc… to make something happen in a particular way or be of a particular type
*Age and experience will be determining factors in our choice of candidate.

3- [transitive] to officially decide and/or arrange something
* A date for the meeting has yet to be determined.

4- [transitive, intransitive] determine to do something determine (that)… determine on something to decide definitely to do something
*They determined to start early.

Answer 182

A

(خط مشی,مسلک، رویه، سیاست، سیاستمداری، مصلحت اندیشی، کاردانی، بیمه نامه، ورقه بیمه)
1- [countable, uncountable] policy (on something) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.
*the present government’s policy on education.

2- [countable, uncountable] (formal) a principle that you believe in that influences how you behave; a way in which you usually behave
*She is following her usual policy of ignoring all offers of help.

3- [countable] a written statement of a contract of insurance
*Check the terms of the policy before you sign.

Answer 183

A

(ادامه داشتن، ادامه پیدا کردن,سماجت کردن، پافشاری کردن، اصرار کردن، ایستادگی.ارسال ایمیل)
1- [intransitive, transitive] to continue to do something despite difficulties or opposition, in a way that can seem unreasonable
*Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?

2- [intransitive] to continue to exist
*The belief that the earth was flat persisted for many centuries.

Answer 184

A

(تاکید کردن، مجبور کردن، (بازور) از پیش بردن، وادار کردن)
- that someone is forced to do or experience without being able to control it
*a period of enforced absence

Answer 185

A

(از نظر افتادگی، بی اعتباری، مغضوبیت)
-the feeling that you do not like or approve of someone or something
*They looked upon the birth of a girl with disfavor.

Answer 186

A

(امتیازدادن,برتری، رجحان، مزیت، حق ویژه، امتیاز مخصوص اعطا کردن، بخشیدن)
1- [countable] a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people has
*Education should be a universal right and not a privilege.

2- [uncountable] (disapproving) the rights and advantages that rich and powerful people in a society have
*As a member of the nobility, his life had been one of wealth and privilege.

3-[singular] something that you are proud and lucky to have the opportunity to do
= honour (شرافت، افتخار,جلال، درجه نشان، احترام، عزت)
*I hope to have the privilege of working with them again.

4-[countable, uncountable] (technology) a special right to do or say things without being punished.
*Congressional privilege (= the special right of members of Congress( کنگره) to say particular things without risking legal action)

Answer 187

A

(بی طرف، بیطرف، بیغرض، راست بین، عادل، منصفانه)
-not supporting one person or group more than another
= neutral, unbiased
*an impartial inquiry(تحقیق)/observer(شاهد)

Answer 188

A

(بدون توجه به …صرفنظر از، با وجود، علی رغم)
-paying no attention, even if the situation is bad or there are difficulties
*The weather was terrible but we carried on regardless.

Answer 189

A

(استنباط، نتیجه فرعی، نتیجه، فرع، همروند)
- (technology) a situation, an argument, or a fact that is the natural and direct result of another one
*In rural areas, the corollary of increased car ownership was a rapid decline in the availability of public transportation.

Answer 190

A

-implement something to make something that has been officially decided start to happen or be used
= carry something out
*to implement changes/decisions/policies/reforms

*the implementation of the new system

Answer 191

A

1- [countable, uncountable] a formal request to a court or to someone in authority for a judgment or a decision to be changed
*to file an appeal

2- [uncountable] a quality that makes someone or something attractive or interesting
*mass/wide/popular appeal

3- [countable, uncountable] an urgent and deeply felt request for money, help, or information, especially one made by a charity or by the police
*a look of silent appeal

4- [countable] appeal to something an indirect suggestion that any good, fair, or reasonable person would act in a particular way
*I relied on an appeal to his deeper feelings.

Answer 192

A

(ناکافی)
-not large, strong, or important enough for a particular purpose
= inadequate
insufficient time
*His salary is insufficient to meet his needs.
opposite sufficient

*cardiac insufficiency (نارسایی قلبی)

Answer 193

A

(verb)
(توجیه کردن,هم تراز کردن، قضاوت کردن، تبرئه کردن، حق دادن، تصدیق کردن، ذی حق دانستن)
1- to show that someone or something is right or reasonable
* How can they justify paying such huge salaries?

2- justify something/yourself (to somebody) justify (somebody/something) doing something to give an explanation or excuse for something or for doing something
= defend
*The Secretary of Education has been asked to justify the decision to Congress.

3-justify something (technology) to arrange lines of printed text so that one or both edges are straight

[[Idioms]]
the end justifies the means (saying)
bad or unfair methods of doing something are acceptable if the result of that action is good or positive

(noun)
-a good reason why something exists or is done
*I can see no possible justification for any further tax increases.

[[Idioms]]
-in justification (of somebody/something)
as an explanation of why something exists or why someone has done something
*All I can say in justification of her actions is that she was under a lot of pressure at work.

Answer 194

A

(وادار کردن,به زور وادار کردن، ناگزیر کردن)
-to force someone to do something by using threats(تهدید)
*They were coerced into negotiating a settlement.

Answer 195

A

-having a lot of influence on someone or something
*a highly influential book.

Answer 196

A

(مدارا، بردباری، تحمل، ازادی، ازادگی، ازادمنشی)
-a willingness to allow something that you do not like or agree with to happen or continue
= tolerance
*religious toleration
*the toleration of difference

Answer 197

A

(قدر، اعتبار، اقدام، رعایت ارزش، نظر، شهرت، ارجمندشمردن، لایق دانستن، محترم شمردم)
-great respect and admiration; a good opinion of someone
*She is held in high esteem by her colleagues.
*Over the years, he has earned our affection and esteem.
*Please accept this small gift as a token of our esteem.

Answer 198

A

1- [transitive, intransitive] settle (something) to put an end to an argument or a disagreement
*to settle a dispute/an argument/a matter

2- [transitive, often passive] to decide or arrange something finally
*It’s been settled that we leave on the nine o’clock flight.

3- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to make a place your permanent home
*She settled in Vienna after her father’s death.

4- [transitive, usually passive, intransitive] settle something + adv./prep. (of a group of people) to make your permanent home in a country or an area as colonists
*This region was settled by the Dutch in the nineteenth century.

5-[intransitive, transitive] to make yourself or someone else comfortable in a new position
*settle (back) (+ adv./prep.) Ellie settled back in her seat.

6-[transitive] settle something + adv./prep. to put something carefully in a position so that it does not move
*She settled the blanket around her knees.

7-[intransitive, transitive] to become or make someone or something become calm or relaxed
*I’m waiting for my nerves to settle.

8-[intransitive] settle (on/over something) to fall from above and come to rest on something; to stay for some time on something
*Dust had settled on everything.

9-[intransitive, transitive] settle (something) to sink slowly down; to make something do this
*The contents of the package may have settled in transit.

10-[transitive, intransitive] to pay the money that you owe
* Please settle your bill before leaving the hotel.

(فیصله دادن، حل و فصل کردن,نشاندن، قرار دادن، تصفیه کردن، فرو کردن، تسویه، جا دادن، ماندن، مقیم کردن، ساکن کردن، واریز کردن، تصفیه کردن، معین کردن، ته نشین شدن، تصفیه حساب کردن، نشست کردن)

Answer 199

A

public discussion and argument about something that many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by
*to arouse(تحریک کردن، برانگیختن)/cause controversy

(مشاجره، مناقشه، جدل,مجادله، هم ستیزی، جدال، ستیزه، بحث، )

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