VFI-L8- Through the ages Flashcards
- an interval (مدت) of time = period
- very old = ancient
- extended over = spanned
*before people made written records of events = prehistoric
*arranged in the order in which they actually happened = chronologically(به ترتیب زمان یا تاریخ)
- stage of development = phase
- worn away over time = eroded (فرسودن، فرساییدن، خوردن، ساییدن، فاسدکردن)
*thousands of years = millennia
*digging of artefacts = excavation (کاوش، حفاری)
NOTE: we use take + time in:
*take your time = don’t worry
*take a long time / too much time
*It took a lot of time / so much time / too much time.
*It took a long time / it took too long / it took so long.
(NOT: it took to long time / it took so long time.)
- I took three hours to get there / it took (me) three hours to get there.
- when I surf the net I often lose (all) track of time. before I know it a few hours have gone by.
*I try to make my lunch the night before to save time. - At the weekend I try to spend time with my family.
*I got up very early so that I could take my time getting ready.
- I find writing notes by hand very time-consuming.
*we booked a taxi but it took so long to arrive that we were 15 minutes late. - Excuse me, do you have the right time? I have a appointment at 10 o’clock and I really want to get there on time.
*I ran for bus, but I didn’t get there in time
- predate : to exist earlier than something else.
- age: a particular period of history
*the Victorian age - the digital age
- the computer age
- Era: a period of time that remembered for particular events. (دوران، عصر)
*the arrival of moving pictures marked the end of an era for live theatre.
- middle- aged: people in their middle years of life
*most companies are run by middle-aged men.
—
the middle-age : a period of European history between 1000 and 1500 AD.
- to work spanned seventy generation.
- … which have long gone.
- I remember good time as well as bad.
- I don’t use either.
*gaze (خیره شدن) upon in awe (حیرت) .
(You can use this phrase when you want to describe something that is so impressive or amazing that you are in awe of it. For example, “The majestic mountains made us stop in our tracks and gaze upon in awe.”)
Neither is used
- to make a negative statement about two people or two things at the same time
- in affirmative(تصدیق امیز) sentences
- takes a plural (informal style) or a singular verb (formal style)
Notice how neither is used:
1. Neither+ singular countable noun
*Neither parent came to meet the teacher. (The mother didn’t come and the father didn’t
come.)
*Neither dress fitted her. (There were two dresses and not one of them fitted her.)
- Neither of+ object pronoun/ plural countable nouns which have a determiner (his, the) before them.
*Neither of them went to school
*Neither of the boys passed the test
NEITHER + /// sing. noun + is /// of the/these/my/,etc + plural noun /// of us/them, etc + is/are
- We can use neither on its own in replies when referring to two things that have already been mentioned.
*Which one do you like best? The red one or the blue one?
*Neither. I like the green one - Neither … nor is used when something is not true for two people or two things. The verb is always in the affirmative and normally agrees in number with the second subject.
*Neither Mary nor Jim likes tennis.
5.Neither do I/ neither can she (So do I/So does my sister)
We use neither + auxiliary/modal verb + subject to mean ‘also not’. It is used to agree with a negative statement.
* A: I can’t speak Japanese.
B: Neither can I.
A: I don’t like dogs.
B: Neither do I. Neither does my mother
Not… either is also possible. A: I can’t speak Japanese B: I can’t either
NOTE: We use the structure “So do I/so does my sister” in the same way, but to agree with a
positive statement. It means “‘in the same way’, ‘as well’ or ‘too’.
*A: I can speak Japanese.
B: So can I.
A: I like dogs.
B: So do I. So does my mother
Either is used
- In affirmative sentences
- To talk about two people, things or groups
Notice how either is used
1. Either + countable noun in the singular: to talk about two choices or possibilities.
*Either coat is okay, as they both suit you. (It doesn’t matter which of the two coats you choose)
- Either of + the, these, those or possessives (my, your) with a plural noun. It can be followed by either a singular or plural verb:
*Either of the hotels should do; we don’t mind which.
*Either of these two bicycles is/are suitable for my daughter; she doesn’t mind which
EITHER + ///sing. noun + is /// of the/these/my/,etc + plural noun is/are
- Either+ a singular countable noun can mean ‘both’:
*There were trees on either side of the road (both sides of the road) - Either… or is used to connect two clauses
*Either we go by train or we rent a car. Which do you prefer?
*You can live either with me or with Robert.
*It takes singular or plural verb depending on the subject which follows “or” Either my parents or Linda’s parents are going to pick us up at the airport. - We can use either as a pronoun:
*A: Which sweater do you like, the green one or the blue one?
B: I don’t like either. (I don’t like the green one and I don’t like the blue one.) - We can use either as an adverb after a negative verb:
*It was a really nice hotel, and it wasn’t very expensive either.
*She doesn’t like eggs and she doesn’t like fish either. - It’s used to agree with a negative statement.
A: I don’t like cheese. B: I don’t like it, either
- nostalgic person
- historical events
- I often look backward (NOT backwards)
punctual (adjective)
/ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/
—
punctuality (noun [uncountable])
/ˌpʌŋktʃuˈælət̮i/
—
punctually (adverb)
/ˈpʌŋktʃuəli/
-happening or doing something at the arranged or correct time; not late
*She has been reliable and punctual.
(وقت شناس)
—
*He insists on regular attendance and punctuality.
—
*They always pay punctually.
diary (noun)
/ˈdaɪəri/
(pl. diaries)
- a book in which you can write down the experiences you have each day, your private thoughts, etc.
*Do you keep a diary (= write in one regularly)?
*The writer’s letters and diaries are being published next year.
- surf the net
subsequent (adjective)
/ˈsʌbsəkwənt/
(formal)
—
subsequently (adverb)
/ˈsʌbsəkwəntli/ , /ˈsʌbsəˌkwɛntli/
(formal)
- happening or coming after something else
&Opposite previous
*subsequent generations.
*Subsequent events confirmed our doubts.
(ثانویه)
—
-afterward; later; after something else has happened
*The original interview notes were subsequently lost.
*Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees.
(متعاقبا، سپس)
demolish (verb)
/dɪˈmɑlɪʃ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they demolish
he / she / it demolishes
past simple demolished
-ing form demolishing
—
demolition (noun [uncountable, countable])
/ˌdɛməˈlɪʃn/
1- demolish something to pull or knock down a building
*The factory is due to be demolished next year
2- demolish something to destroy something accidentally
*The car had skidded across the road and demolished part of the wall.
3- demolish something to show that an idea or theory is completely wrong
*A recent book has demolished this theory.
4- demolish somebody/something to defeat someone easily and completely
*The Yankees demolished the Red Sox 12–1.
(تخریب کردن، ویران کردن، خراب کردن)
—
*The whole row of houses is scheduled for demolition.
*His speech did a very effective demolition job on the government’s proposals.
prevent (verb)
/prɪˈvɛnt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they prevent
he / she / it prevents
past simple prevented
-ing form preventing
—
preventable (adjective)
/prɪˈvɛntəbl/
- to stop someone from doing something; to stop something from happening
*prevent something/somebody /// The accident could have been prevented.
*The government took steps to prevent a scandal.
(جلوگیری کردن)
—
*preventable diseases/accidents
prior (adjective)
/ˈpraɪər/
[only before noun]
1- happening or existing before something else or before a particular time
*Although not essential, some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable.
2- already existing and therefore more important
*They have a prior claim to the property.
3- prior to (formal) before something
*during the week prior to the meeting
previously (adverb)
/ˈpriviəsli/
-before the time that you are talking about
*The building had previously been used as a hotel.
*The book contains a number of photographs not previously published.
