VFI-L11-Design and innovation

Question 1

innovation (noun)
/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/

Answer 1

1- [uncountable] innovation (in something) the introduction of new things, ideas, or ways of doing something
*an age of technological innovation

2- [countable] innovation (in something) a new idea, way of doing something, etc. that has been introduced or discovered
*recent innovations in steel-making technology
(نوآوری، ابتکار)

Question 2

*concrete /kɑnˈkrit/ (بتن)
* brick /brɪk/ (آجر)
*steel (فولاد)
* timber ( چوب)

Question 3

high-rise (adjective)
[only before noun]
—
high-rise (noun)

Answer 3

-(of a building) very tall and having a lot of floors
*high-rise housing
—
*to live in a high-rise

Question 4

• build a house/ a hospital (NOT build a building )

Answer 4

• build up => not to talk about construction
• he went to the gym to build up his muscles.
  *we are trying to build up a relationship with company in Japan.
  *I had to build up the confidence to apply for the manager’s job.
  (NOT; we need to build up a hospital)

Question 5

• condemn /kənˈdem/ = judge a building not to be safe
  *demolish = knock down
  *develop = build something on a piece of land
  *devise= invent (ابداع کردن، طرح ریزی کردن)

Answer 5

*maintain = keep in good condition
*occupy= live in or use a space
*reconstruct = build again
* renovate = repair and make new again (نوسازی کردن)

Question 6

cottage (noun)
/ˈkɑt̮ɪdʒ/

Answer 6

1- a small house, especially in the country
*a charming country cottage with roses around the door

2-(Canadian English) a second house that people have, usually near a lake, where they can go on weekends and for holidays

Question 7

ceiling (noun)
/ˈsilɪŋ/

Answer 7

1- the top inside surface of a room
*She lay on her back staring up at the ceiling.

2-the highest limit or amount of something
*price ceilings

3-(technology) the greatest height at which a particular aircraft is able to fly
*an aircraft with a ceiling of 20,000 feet

Question 8

ornate (adjective)
/ɔrˈneɪt/
—
ornately (adverb)

Answer 8

-covered with a lot of decoration, especially when this involves very small or complicated designs
*a mirror in an ornate gold frame
*This style is a little too ornate for my taste.
(بیش ازحد اراسته، مزین، مصنوع، پر اب و تاب)
—
*ornately carved chairs

Question 9

cozy (adjective)
/ˈkoʊzi/
(cozier, coziest)
—
cozily (adverb)
—
coziness (noun [uncountable])

Answer 9

1- warm, comfortable, and safe, especially because of being small
synonym snug
*a cozy little room
*a cozy feeling

2- friendly and private
*a cozy chat with a friend

3- (often disapproving) easy and convenient, but not always honest or right
*The company has a cozy relationship with the Department of Defense.
*The danger is that things get too cozy.

sitting cozily by the fire

the warmth and coziness of the kitchen

Question 10

cramped (adjective)
/kræmpt/

Answer 10

1- a cramped room, etc. does not have enough space for the people in it
*working in cramped conditions

2-(of people) not having room to move freely
(شلوغ)

Question 11

conventional (adjective)
/kənˈvɛnʃənl/
—
conventionality (noun [uncountable])
/kənˌvɛnʃəˈnælət̮i/
—
conventionally ( adverb)
/kənˈvɛnʃənəli/

Answer 11

1- (often disapproving) tending to follow what is done or considered acceptable by society in general; normal and ordinary, and perhaps not very interesting
*conventional behavior/morality
&opposite unconventional

2-[usually before noun] following what is traditional or the way something has been done for a long time
*conventional methods/approaches

3- [usually before noun] (especially of weapons) not nuclear
*conventional forces/weapons
(مرسوم، رایج، متداول)
—
*conventionally dressed

Question 12

spacious (adjective)
/ˈspeɪʃəs/
(approving)
—
spaciously (adverb)
—
spaciousness (noun [uncountable])

Answer 12

-(of a room or building) large and with plenty of space for people to move around in
= roomy
*The hotel rooms are spacious and comfortable.
(بزرگ و جادار,فراخ، وسیع، جامع، گشاد، فضادار، مفصل)
—
*The accommodation is spaciously laid out.
—
*White walls can give a feeling of spaciousness.

Question 13

airy (adjective)
/ˈɛri/
(airier, airiest)

Answer 13

1- with plenty of fresh air because there is a lot of space
*The office was light and airy.

2- (formal) acting or done in a way that shows that you are not worried or that you are not treating something as serious
*He dismissed her with an airy wave.

3- (formal) (disapproving) not serious or practical
*airy promises/speculation
(هوایی، هوا مانند، با روح، پوچ، واهی، خودنما)

Question 14

quarry (noun)
/ˈkwɔri/ , /ˈkwɑri/
(pl. quarries)

Answer 14

1- [countable] a place where large amounts of stone, etc. are dug out of the ground
*a slate quarry

2- [singular] an animal or a person that is being hunted or followed
= prey
*The hunters lost sight of their quarry in the forest.

Question 15

functional (adjective)
/ˈfʌŋkʃənl/
—
/ˈfʌŋkʃənəli/ (adverb)

Answer 15

1- practical and useful; with little or no decoration
= utilitarian
*Bathrooms don’t have to be purely functional.

2-having a special purpose; making it possible for someone to do something or for something to happen
*a functional disorder (= an illness caused when an organ of the body fails to perform its function)

3- (especially of a machine, an organization, or a system) working; able to work
The hospital will soon be fully functional.
functionally
(کاربردی)

Question 16

hoist (verb)
/hɔɪst/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they hoist
he / she / it hoists
past simple hoisted
-ing form hoisting

Answer 16

• hoist something (+ adv./prep.) to raise or pull something up to a higher position, often using ropes or special equipment
  *He hoisted himself onto a high stool.
  *to hoist a flag/sail
  *The cargo was hoisted aboard by crane.
  (بالا کشیدن، چرخ بالاکش، بالابر، وینچ کردن، با جرثقیل بالا بردن، بلند کردن، بر افراشتن، عمل بالا بردن، عمل کشیدن، مقدار کشش)

Question 17

haul (verb)
/hɔl/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they haul
he / she / it hauls
past simple hauled
-ing form hauling

Answer 17

1- to pull something or someone with a lot of effort
*haul something/somebody The wagons were hauled by horses.

2-haul yourself up/out of, etc. to move yourself somewhere slowly and with a lot of effort
*She hauled herself out of bed.

3-haul somebody + adv./prep. to force someone to go somewhere they do not want to go
*A number of suspects have been hauled in for questioning.

4-[usually passive] haul somebody (up) before somebody/something to make someone appear in court in order to be judged
*He was hauled up before the local authorities for dangerous driving.
(مسافت حمل، خط سیر، کشیدن، هل دادن، حمل کردن)

Question 18

storage (noun)
/ˈstɔrɪdʒ/
[uncountable]

Answer 18

1- the process of keeping something in a particular place until it is needed; the space where things can be kept
*tables that fold flat for storage

2-(computing) the process of keeping information, etc. on a computer; the way it is kept
*the storage and retrieval of information

3-the process of paying to keep furniture, etc. in a special building until you want it
*When we moved we had to put our furniture in storage for a while.
(انبار کردن؛ انبار)

Question 19

tension (noun)
/ˈtɛnʃn/

Answer 19

1- [uncountable, countable, usually plural] tension (between A and B) a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly toward each other, and which may cause them to attack each other
*There is mounting tension along the border.

2-[countable, uncountable] tension (between A and B) a situation in which the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties
*There is often a tension between the aims of the company and the wishes of the employees.

3-[uncountable] a feeling of anxiety and stress that makes it impossible to relax
nervous tension
*We laughed and that helped ease the tension.

4- [uncountable] the feeling of fear and excitement that is created by a writer or a movie director
*dramatic tension

5-[uncountable] the state of being stretched tight; the extent to which something is stretched tight
*muscular tension
(تنش؛ گرفتگی (عضلات),کشش، امتداد، تمدد، قوه انبساط، سفتی، بحران، تحت فشار قرار دادن، کشمکش)

Question 20

trigger (noun)
/ˈtrɪɡər/

Answer 20

1- the part of a gun that you press in order to fire it
*to pull/squeeze the trigger

2-trigger (for something) trigger (to something/to do something) something that is the cause of a particular reaction or development, especially a bad one
*The trigger for the strike was the closure of yet another factory.

3-the part of a bomb that causes it to explode
*nuclear triggers

Question 21

devise (verb)
/dɪˈvaɪz/
devise something
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they devise
he / she / it devises
past simple devised
-ing form devising

Answer 21

• to invent something new or a new way of doing something
  = think something–>up
  *A new system has been devised to control traffic in the city.

Question 22

internal (adjective)
/ɪnˈtərnl/
—
internally (adverb)
/ɪnˈtərnəli/

Answer 22

1- [only before noun] connected with the inside of something
*the internal structure of a building
&Opposite external

2-[only before noun] connected with the inside of your body
*internal organs/injuries

3-[usually before noun] involving or concerning only the people who are part of a particular organization rather than people from outside it
*an internal investigation

4-[only before noun] connected with a country’s own affairs rather than those that involve other countries
= domestic
*internal affairs/trade/markets

5-coming from within a thing itself rather than from outside it
*a theory which lacks internal consistency (= whose parts are not in agreement with each other)

6-happening or existing in your mind
= inner
*internal rage
—
*internally connected rooms

Question 23

construction (noun)
/kənˈstrʌkʃn/

Answer 23

1- [uncountable] the process or method of building or making something, especially roads, buildings, bridges, etc.
*the construction industry

2-[uncountable] the way that something has been built or made
*strong in construction

3-[countable] (formal) a thing that has been built or made
*The summer house was a simple wooden construction.

4-[countable] the way in which words are used together and arranged to form a sentence, phrase, etc.
*grammatical constructions

5-[uncountable, countable] the creating of something from ideas, opinions, and knowledge
*the construction of a new theory

6-[countable] (formal) the way in which words, actions, statements, etc., are understood by someone
= interpretation
*What construction do you put on this letter (= what do you think it means)?
(احداث، ساخت و ساز,ساختمان، عمارت، ساخت، ایجاد)

Question 24

*skyscraper

Question 25

landmark (noun)
/ˈlændmɑrk/

Answer 25

1- something, such as a large building, a mountain, etc., that you can see clearly from a distance and that will help you to know where you are
*The Empire State Building is a familiar landmark on the New York skyline.

2-landmark (in something) an event, a discovery, an invention, etc. that marks an important stage in something
= milestone
*The ceasefire was seen as a major landmark in the fight against terrorism.

3-a building or a place that is very important because of its history, and that should be preserved
= monument
(میراث تاریخی و فرهنگی,نشان اختصاصی، نقطه تحول تاریخ، واقعه برجسته، راهنما)

Question 26

warehouse (noun)
/ˈwɛrhaʊs/

Answer 26

-a building where large quantities of goods are stored, especially before they are sent to stores to be sold
(انبار,در انبار نگه داشتن، انبار کردن، مخزن، انبار گمرک، انبار کالا، بارخانه)

Question 27

manufacturer (noun)
/ˌmænyəˈfæktʃərər/

Answer 27

• a person or company that produces goods in large quantities
  = maker
  *a car/computer manufacturer
  *Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

Question 28

pour (verb)
/pɔr/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they pour
he / she / it pours
past simple poured
-ing form pouring

Answer 28

1- [transitive] pour something (+ adv./prep.) to make a liquid or other substance flow from a container in a continuous stream, especially by holding the container at an angle
*Pour the sauce over the pasta.

2-[intransitive] + adv./prep. (of liquid, smoke, light, etc.) to flow quickly in a continuous stream
*Tears poured down his cheeks.

3-[transitive, intransitive] to serve a drink by letting it flow from a container into a cup or glass
*pour (something) Will you pour the coffee?

4-[intransitive, transitive] when rain pours down or when it’s pouring rain, rain is falling heavily
*pour (down) The rain continued to pour down.

5-[intransitive] + adv./prep. to come or go somewhere continuously in large numbers
= flood
*Letters of complaint continue to pour in.
(ریختن، سرازیر کردن,جاری شدن یا ساختن، تراوش بوسیله ریزش، مقدار ریزش چیزی، ریزش بلا انقطاع و مسلسل، روان ساختن، پاشیدن، افشاندن، جاری شدن، باریدن)

Question 29

exterior (noun)
/ɪkˈstɪriər/

Answer 29

1- [countable] the outside of something, especially a building
*The exterior of the house needs painting.
&Opposite interior

2-[singular] the way that someone appears or behaves, especially when this is very different from their real feelings or character
*Beneath his confident exterior, he was desperately nervous.

Question 30

prominent (adjective)
/ˈprɑmənənt/
—
prominently ( adverb)

Answer 30

1- important or well known
*a prominent politician

2-easily seen
= noticeable
*The church tower was a prominent feature in the landscape.

3-sticking out from something
*a prominent nose
(شاخص، برجسته,حساس، والا)
—
*The photos were prominently displayed on her desk.

Question 31

tenant (noun)
/ˈtɛnənt/

Answer 31

-a person who pays rent for the use of a room, building, land, etc. to the person who owns it
*They had evicted their tenants for non-payment of rent.
*The decorating was done by a previous tenant.
(مستاجر,کرایه نشین، متصرف، اجاره دار، اجاره کردن، متصرف بودن)

Question 32

state-of-the-art

Answer 32

-using the most modern or advanced techniques or methods; as good as it can be at the present time
*All the equipment here is state-of-the-art.
*a state-of-the-art system

Question 33

to suit every purpose

Question 34

*hoisted = lifted (بالا کشیدن)
*hauling = pulling (کشیدن بار)
*loss of tension = slack (شل، ضعیف)
*trigger = activate
*device = contraption (اختراع، تدبیر، ابتکار، اسباب)
*frame= support structure

Answer 34

• construction method = building technique
  *skyscraper = very tall building
  *landmark = all or distinctive(مشخص) features or buildings that help to locate where you are. (میراث تاریخی و فرهنگی,نشان اختصاصی، نقطه تحول تاریخ، واقعه برجسته، راهنما)