V1 Flashcards
hold on/tight
- to continue doing something or staying somewhere although it is difficult or unpleasant to do so
- Hold on and I’ll go and get some help
surely (adverb)
/ˈʃərli/
1- used to show that you are almost certain of what you are saying and want other people to agree with you.
. Surely we should do something about it?
2- used with a negative to show that something surprises you and you do not want to believe it.
. Surely you don’t think I was responsible for this?
. “They’re getting married.” “Surely not!”
3- (formal) without doubt; certainly
. He knew that if help did not arrive soon, they would surely die.
4- (old-fashioned) (informal) used to say “yes” to someone or to agree to something
[Idiom]
slowly but surely
making slow but definite progress
We’ll get there slowly but surely.
walk off (phrasal verb)
- to leave a person or place suddenly because you are angry or upset.
walk something…..off
1-to go for a walk after a meal so that you feel less full
*We walked off a heavy Sunday lunch.
2- to go for a walk in order to make yourself feel better
* Is your foot OK? Come on, let’s walk it off.
individual (adjective)-(noun)
/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/
منحصر بفرد-تک
1-[only before noun] (often used after each) considered separately rather than as part of a group
*We interviewed each individual member of the community.
2-[only before noun] connected with one person; designed for one person
*respect for individual freedom
It’s likely = probably = it seems that
pronouncement (noun)
/prəˈnaʊnsmənt/
pronouncement (on something) (formal)
(اظهار عقیده رسمی، صدور رای، اعلامیه رسمی)
a formal public statement
. She made an official pronouncement on changes in government policy.
prompt (adjective)-(Verb)- (Noun)
/prɑmpt/
promptness (noun) [uncountable]
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they prompt
he / she / it prompts
past simple prompted
-ing form prompting
(Adj)
(فوری، سریع)
1-done without delay
=immediate
Prompt action was required as the fire spread
2- [not before noun] (of a person) acting without delay; arriving at the right time
=punctual (خوش قول، به موقع)
Please be prompt when attending these meetings.
(V) (سریع کردن، به فعالیت واداشتن، برانگیختن)
1- [transitive] to make someone decide to do something; to cause something to happen
= provoke (تحریک کردن, دامن زدن، برانگیختن، برافروختن)
prompt something/ prompt somebody to do something
. The thought of her daughter’s wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.
2- [transitive] to encourage (دلگرم کردن، تشویق کردن) someone to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they could say.
prompt somebody / prompt somebody to do something / prompt (somebody) + speech
. She was too nervous to speak and had to be prompted.
. And then what happened?” he prompted.
3- [transitive, intransitive] prompt (somebody) to follow the text of a play and remind the actors what the words are if they forget their lines.
(n)
1-a word or words said to an actor, to remind them what to say next when they have forgotten
2- (computing) a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer has finished doing something and is ready for more instructions
The chance of a lifetime.
commencement (noun)
/kəˈmɛnsmənt/
[uncountable, countable, usually singular]
1- (formal) beginning
. the commencement of the financial year
2- a ceremony at which students receive their academic degrees or diploma
= graduation
nonverbal (adjective)
/ˌnɑnˈvərbl/
[usually before noun]
(غیر شفاهی، غیرزبانی)
- not involving words or speech
.nonverbal communication
inflame (verb)
/ɪnˈfleɪm/
(formal)
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they inflame
he / she / it inflames
past simple inflamed
-ing form inflaming
inflammation (noun)
/ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/
[uncountable, countable]
بر افروختن، به هیجان اوردن
1- inflame somebody/something to cause very strong feelings, especially anger or excitement, in a person or in a group of people
*His comments have inflamed teachers all over the country.
2- inflame something to make a situation worse or more difficult to deal with
*The situation was further inflamed by the arrival of the security forces.
inflammation ; (التهاب، شعله ور سازی، احتراق، )
-a condition in which a part of the body becomes red, sore, and swollen because of infection or injury
*inflammation of the ear
*a cream to reduce inflammation
ambivalent (adjective)
/æmˈbɪvələnt/
ambivalent (about/toward somebody/something)
ambivalence (noun [uncountable, singular])
ambivalently (adverb)
(توجه ناگهانی و دلسردی ناگهانی نسبت بشخص یا چیزی، دمدمی مزاجی، دارای دو جنبه)
- having or showing both good and bad feelings about someone or something
. She seems to feel ambivalent about her new job.
ambivalence (about/toward somebody/something)
.There was ambivalence among church members about women becoming priests(کشیش، روحانی، ).
. Many people feel some ambivalence toward television and its effect on our lives.
defensive (adjective)- (noun)
/dɪˈfɛnsɪv/
defensively (adverb)
defensiveness (noun) [uncountable]
(تدافعی)
1- protecting someone or something against attack
. Troops (افراد) took up a defensive position around the town.
2- behaving in a way that shows that you feel that people are criticizing you
. Don’t ask him about his plans—he just gets defensive.
3- (sport) connected with trying to prevent the other team or player from scoring points or goals
. defensive play
respond (verb)
/rɪˈspɑnd/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they respond
he / she / it responds
past simple responded
-ing form responding
(پاسخ دادن, جواب دادن، واکنش نشان دادن، پاسخ)
1- [intransitive, transitive] (rather formal) to give a spoken or written answer to someone or something
= reply
. I asked him his name, but he didn’t respond.
. + speech “I’m not sure,” she responded.
. respond that…
When asked about the company’s future, the director responded that he remained optimistic(خوشبینانه).
2- [intransitive] respond (to something) (with something/by doing something)
to do something as a reaction to something that someone has said or done
= react
. How did they respond to the news?
3- [intransitive] respond (to something/somebody)
to react quickly or in the correct way to something or someone
. The car responds very well to the controls.
4- [intransitive] respond (to something) to improve as a result of a particular kind of treatment
. The infection(عفونت, سرایت مرض، گند ) did not respond to the drugs.
fire off (phrasal verb)
1- to shoot a bullet from a gun
. They fired off a volley (رگبار)of shots.
2- to write or say something to someone very quickly, often when you are angry
. He fired off a letter of complaint.
. She spent an hour firing off e-mails to all concerned.
*The image of a woman suffering keeps me up at night.
*The dream keeps me up at night.
genuine (adjective)
/ˈdʒɛnyuən/
genuinely (adverb)
genuineness (noun) [uncountable]
(صادقانه، خالصانه، از ته قلب)
1- real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial
= authentic
. Only genuine refugees (مهاجر، فراری، پناهنده سیاسی، آواره شدن)can apply for asylum(/əˈsaɪləm/
پناهندگی).
2- sincere(صادقانه، خالصانه، از ته قلب)and honest; that can be trusted
. He made a genuine attempt to improve conditions.
.genuinely sorry
unhappy (adj) = upset(adj)
pseudo- (combining form)
/ˈsudoʊ/
-(in nouns, adjectives, and adverbs) not genuine; false or pretended
. pseudointellectual (شبه روشنفکر)
. pseudoscience (شبه علم)
. pseudo-expert (شبه کارشناس)
comprehension (noun)
/ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnʃn/
[uncountable]
1-the ability to understand
*speech and comprehension
*His behavior was completely beyond comprehension (= impossible to understand).
2- an exercise that trains students to understand a language
*listening comprehension
*reading comprehension
Undivided attention
If you give someone or something your undivided attention, you concentrate on them fully and do not think about anything else.
His wife is, politely put, meek and submissive. In other words she is a
yes-woman.
meek (adj) : quiet, gentle, and always ready to do what other people want without expressing your own opinion
=compliant /kəmˈplaɪənt/, self-effacing
submissive: too willing to accept someone else’s authority (قدرت) and to obey(اطاعت کردن) them without questioning anything they want you to do
tumble (verb)
/ˈtʌmbl/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they tumble
he / she / it tumbles
past simple tumbled
-ing form tumbling
غلت خوردن،
. He slipped (لیز خوردن، لغزیدن) and tumbled down the stairs.
2- [intransitive] to fall rapidly in value or amount
. The price of oil is still tumbling.
3- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to move or fall somewhere in a relaxed, uncontrolled or noisy way
. I undressed and tumbled into bed.
assumed (adjective)
/əˈsumd/
[only before noun]
(فرض کردن)
- that you suppose to be true or to exist.
. the assumed differences between the two states.
Timekeeping is important to me
Abandon the situation
وضعیت را رها کنید
Special (adjective)
/ˈspɛʃl/
= exceptional
*There is something special about this place.
*What are your special interests?
defend (verb)
/dɪˈfɛnd/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they defend
he / she / it defends
past simple defended
-ing form defending
(دفاع کردن, حمایت کردن)
1- protect against attack
defend somebody/yourself/something– defend somebody/yourself/something from/against somebody/something–defend against somebody/something
. All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.
2- support
defend something– defend somebody/yourself/something from/against somebody/something
. Politicians are skilled at defending themselves against their critics.
3- in sports
opposite attack
4- in competitions
.She will be defending her title at next month’s championships.
5- law
. He has employed one of the country’s top lawyers to defend him.
often feels like people are talking past each other
simultaneous (adjective)
/ˌsaɪmlˈteɪniəs/
simultaneity (noun) [uncountable]
/ˌsaɪmltəˈniət̮i/
simultaneously (adverb)
- happening or done at the same time as something else
. Any ceasefire (آتش بس) would be simultaneous with the withdrawal (پس گرفتن، باز گرفتن، صرفنظر کردن) of U.S. forces.
. simultaneous translation/interpreting(معنی کردن)
. The game will be broadcast simultaneously on TV and radio.
quote (verb)
/kwoʊt/
present simple I / you / we / they – quote
he / she / it – quotes
past simple – quoted
-ing form – quoting
1- [transitive, intransitive] to repeat the exact words that another person has said or written
. quote (somebody) (as doing something) The President was quoted in the press as saying that he disagreed with the decision.
. “It will all be gone tomorrow.” “Can I quote you on that?”
. Don’t quote me on this (= this is not an official statement), but I think he is going to resign.
2- [transitive] quote (somebody) something to mention an example of something to support what you are saying
. Can you quote me an instance (مورد، نمونه) of when this happened?
3- [transitive, intransitive] quote (somebody) (something) (for something/for doing something) to tell a customer how much money you will charge them for a job, service, or product
. They quoted us $300 for installing a shower unit.
4- [transitive] quote something (at something) (finance) to give a market price for shares, gold, or foreign money
. Yesterday the euro was quoted at $1.42775, unchanged from Monday.
5- [transitive] quote something (finance) to give the prices for a business company’s shares on a stock(سهام؛ موجودی کالا) exchange(معاوضه کردن)
. Several cosmetic(وسیله ارایش) companies are quoted on the New York Stock Exchange.
agenda (noun)
/əˈdʒɛndə/
(دستور جلسه)
- a list of items to be discussed at a meeting
. The next item on the agenda is the publicity budget(بودجه).
except preposition
/ɪkˈsept/
(also except for)
- used before you mention the only thing or person about which a statement is not true
=apart from
*We work every day except Sunday.
*They all came except Matt.
*I had nothing on except for my socks.
introspect (Verb)
(بخود برگشتن، بخود امدن، درخود فرورفتن)
Steer the conversation = navigate the conversation
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they steer
he / she / it steers
past simple steered
-ing form steering
/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they navigate
he / she / it navigates
past simple navigated
-ing form navigating
-You steer a conversation when there’s something that you want to talk about, or something that you want to avoid talking about. * When people bring up politics, I usually try to steer the conversation back to something a little less controversial(بحث برانگیز)
. steer (verb) /stɪr/ :
1-steer (something /somebody) (+ adv./prep.) to control the direction in which a boat, car, etc. moves
*He steered the boat into the harbor.
2-[transitive, intransitive] steer (something) (+ adv./prep.) (of a boat, car, etc.) to move in a particular direction
*The ship steered a course between the islands.
/
. navigate verb /ˈnævəˌɡeɪt/
1-[intransitive, transitive] to find your position or the position of your ship, plane, car, etc. and the direction you need to go in, for example by using a map
*I’ll drive, and you can navigate.
* navigate your way… How do you navigate your way through a forest?
2-[transitive] navigate something to sail(سفر دریایی)along, over, or through an ocean, river, etc.
*The river became too narrow and shallow(کم عمق) to navigate.
Counter argument
ضد استدلال
conduct (verb)
/kənˈdʌkt/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they conduct
he / she / it conducts
past simple conducted
-ing form conducting
(رفتار,سیره، جریان، انتقال دادن، انجام دادن، رفتار کردن، )
1- [transitive] conduct something to organize and/or do a particular activity
. to conduct an experiment/an investigation(تحقیق)/a survey (نظر سنجی، پژوهش).
2- [transitive, intransitive] conduct (something) to direct a group of people who are singing or playing music
. a concert by the San Francisco Symphony, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas.
3- [transitive] conduct something (technology) (of a substance) to allow heat or electricity to pass along or through it
. Copper conducts electricity well.
4- [transitive] conduct yourself + adv./prep. (formal) to behave in a particular way
. He conducted himself far better than expected.
5- [transitive] conduct somebody/something + adv./prep. to lead or guide someone through or around a place
. The guide conducted us around the ruins(خراب کردن، از بین بردن) of the ancient(باستانی، قدیمی) city.
distraction (noun)
/dɪˈstrækʃn/
(گیجی، حواس پرتی، دیوانگی)
1- [countable, uncountable] a thing that takes your attention away from what you are doing or thinking about
. I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions.
2- [countable] an activity that amuses (سرگرم کردن، مشغول کردن، ) or entertains (سرگرم کردن
پذیرایی کردن، مهمانی کردن، ) you.
[Idioms]
to distraction
so that you become upset, excited, or angry and not able to think clearly.
. The children are driving me to distraction today.
upon preposition
/əˈpɑn/
1-(formal)
= on
*The decision was based upon two considerations(ملاحظات).
2- …upon… used to emphasize that there is a large number or amount of something
*mile upon mile of dusty(غبارآلود، گرد و خاکی) road.
*thousands upon thousands of letters.
[Idioms]
-once upon a time
used, especially at the beginning of stories, to mean “a long time in the past”
*Once upon a time there was a beautiful princess.
-(almost) upon you
if something in the future is almost upon you, it is going to arrive or happen very soon
*The summer season was almost upon them again.
They may be punished
ممکن است مجازات شوند
Dead(ly)-serious (informal)
comfort (noun)
/ˈkʌmfərt/
(آسایش، راحتی)
1- [uncountable] the state of being physically relaxed and free from pain; the state of having a pleasant life, with everything that you need
. These tennis shoes are designed for comfort and performance.
2- [uncountable] a feeling of not suffering or worrying so much; a feeling of being less unhappy
= consolation (دلداری، تسلی، تسلیت)
. to take/draw comfort from someone’s words.
3- [singular] a person or thing that helps you when you are suffering, worried, or unhappy
. The children have been a great comfort to me through all of this.
4- [countable, usually plural] a thing that makes your life easier or more comfortable
. The hotel has all modern comforts/every modern comfort.
One-hour therapy sessions
idiocy (noun)
/ˈɪdiəsi/
(pl. idiocies) (formal)
1- [uncountable] very stupid behavior; the state of being very stupid
= stupidity
. It is sheer idiocy to go climbing in this weather.
2- [countable] a very stupid act, remark(اظهار نظر), etc.
. the idiocies of bureaucracy(تشریفات اداری)
lounge (noun)
/laʊndʒ/
1- a room for waiting in at an airport, etc.
. the departure lounge
2- a public room in a hotel, club, etc. for waiting or relaxing in
. the television lounge
threaten (verb)
/ˈθrɛtn/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they threaten
he / she / it threatens
past simple threatened
-ing form threatening
(تهدید کردن، ترساندن)
1- [transitive] to say that you will cause trouble, hurt someone, etc. if you do not get what you want.
threaten somebody/ something –threaten somebody with something–threaten to do something–threaten that…
. They threatened that passengers (مسافر) would be killed.
2- [intransitive, transitive] to seem likely to happen or cause something unpleasant
. A storm was threatening.
3- [transitive] threaten something to be a danger to something
= endanger, at risk (from/of something)
.Pollution is threatening marine (دریایی) life.
conquer (verb)
/ˈkɑŋkər/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they conquer
he / she / it conquers
past simple conquered
-ing form conquering
(غلبه کردن-پیروزی یافتن بر، فتح کردن، تسخیر کردن)
commute (verb)
/kəˈmyut/
present simple I / you / we / they commute
he / she / it commutes
past simple commuted
-ing form commuting
commutative (adjective)
commutator (noun)
commute (noun)
commuter (noun)
1- [intransitive, transitive] to travel regularly by bus, train, car, etc. between your place of work and your home
. commute (from A) (to B) She commutes from Palo Alto to San Francisco every day.
. commute between A and B He spent that year commuting between New York and Chicago.
. I live within commuting distance of Atlanta.
. commute something People are prepared to commute long distances if they are desperate (درمانده، مستاصل) for work.
2- [transitive] commute something (to something) (law) to replace one punishment with another that is less severe (شدید، طاقت فرسا)
. The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment(زندان، محبوس کردن ).
3- [transitive] commute something (for/into something) (finance) to exchange one form of payment for something else
burglar (noun)
/ˈbɜːrɡlər/
-a person who enters a building illegally in order to steal
*Burglars broke into the gallery and stole dozens(ده ها) of priceless paintings.
I had an allergic reaction to a medicine.
reveal (verb)
/rɪˈvil/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they reveal
he / she / it reveals
past simple revealed
-ing form revealing
(آشکار کردن، افشا کردن, فاش کردن، معلوم کردن)
1- to make something known to someone
= disclose (باز کردن، آشکار کردن)
reveal something (to somebody) / reveal (that)… / it is revealed that…/ reveal how, what, etc…/ reveal somebody/something to be/have something
. to reveal a secret
. It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.
2- to show something that previously could not be seen
= display (ابراز کردن، نشان دادن)
reveal something / reveal yourself
. He laughed, revealing a line of white teeth.
league (noun)
/liɡ/
[Idioms]
in league (with somebody)
making secret plans with someone
. out of my league
1- a group of sports teams who all play each other to find out which team is best
. major-league baseball
2- (informal) a level of quality, ability, etc.
. As a painter, he is in a league of his own (= much better than others).
. They’re in a different league from us.
. When it comes to cooking, I’m not in her league (= she is much better than me).
. A house like that is out of our league (= too expensive for us).
3- a group of people or nations who have combined for a particular purpose
= alliance (اتحاد -پیوستگی)
. the League of Nations
. a meeting of the League of Women Voters
part-way (adverb)
-some of the way
.They were part-way through the speeches when he arrived.
compound (verb)
/kəmˈpaʊnd/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they compound
he / she / it compounds
past simple compounded
-ing form compounding
compound (noun)
compound (adjective)
1- [often passive] compound something to make something bad become even worse by causing further damage or problems
. The problems were compounded by severe(شدید، طاقت فرسا) food shortages.
2- be compounded of/from something (formal)
to be formed from something
. The DNA molecule is compounded from many smaller molecules.
3- [often passive] compound something (with something) (formal or technology) to mix something together
. liquid soaps compounded with disinfectant(داروی ضد عفونی، ماده گندزدا،)
4-compound something (finance) to pay or charge interest on an amount of money that includes any interest already earned or charged
alter (verb)
/ˈɔltər/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they alter
he / she / it alters
past simple altered
-ing form altering
alterable (adjective) (formal)
(تغییر دادن، تغییر کردن)
1- [intransitive, transitive] to become different; to make someone or something different
. Prices did not alter significantly(بطور چشمگیر) during 2010.
2- [transitive] alter something to make changes to a piece of clothing so that it will fit you better
. We can have the dress altered to fit you.
identify (verb)
/aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they identify
he / she / it identifies
past simple identified
-ing form identifying
identified (adjective)
identifying (adjective)
(شناسایی کردن, تعیین کردن، تعیین هویت کردن، مشخص کردن، تشخیص دادن)
1- (informal ID) to recognize someone or something and be able to say who or what they are
. identify somebody/something as somebody/something
The bodies were identified as those of two suspected (مشکوک بودن) drug dealers.
2- to find or discover someone or something
identify something/ identify what, which, etc…
. They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.
3- identify somebody/something (as somebody/something)
. In many cases, the clothes people wear identify them as belonging to a particular social class.
You are an introvert(wrong)/introverted person/ you are an introvert
I believe you are on the introverted side of the personality spectrum(طیف).
boomerang effect’
frequently (adverb)
/ˈfrikwəntli/
often
opposite infrequently
اغلب، مکررا
خیلی اوقات، بارها، کرارا، غالبا
champion (noun)
/ˈtʃæmpiən/
قهرمان، پهلوان، مبارز
vehicle (noun)
/ˈviɪkl/
1-(rather formal) a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to another, such as a car or truck
*motor vehicles (= cars, buses, trucks, etc.)
2-vehicle (for something) something that can be used to express your ideas or feelings or as a way of achieving something
*Art may be used as a vehicle for propaganda.
manufacturer (noun)
/ˌmænyəˈfæktʃərər/
a person or company that produces goods in large quantities
= maker
*a car/computer manufacturer
entrench (verb)
/ɪnˈtrɛntʃ/
[usually passive] entrench something (sometimes disapproving)
present simple I / you / we / they entrench
he / she / it entrenches
past simple entrenched
-ing form entrenching
trench (noun)
/trɛntʃ/
entrench
سنگر گرفتن-تجاوز کردن به-
-to establish(تاسيس كردن) something very firmly(محکم) so that it is very difficult to change
*Sexism is deeply entrenched in our society.
*entrenched attitudes/interests/opposition
*This idea had firmly entrenched itself in his consciousness(آگاهی)
trench:
1-a long, deep hole dug in the ground, for example for carrying away water
*Workmen were digging a trench beside the road.
2-a long, deep hole dug in the ground in which soldiers can be protected from enemy attacks (for example, in northern France and Belgium in World War I)
*life in the trenches
*trench warfare (جنگ)
consistent (adjective)
/kənˈsɪstənt/
consistently (adverb)
(ثابت قدم,استوار، استحکام، سازگار، نامتناقض)
1- (approving) always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc.
. She’s not very consistent in the way she treats her children.
2- happening in the same way and continuing for a period of time
. the senator’s consistent failure(عیب، نقص؛) to come up with any new policies(سیاست های).
3-consistent with something in agreement with something; not contradicting(متناقض) something
. The results are entirely(کاملا، کلا، سراسر) consistent with our earlier research.
4- (of an argument or a set of ideas) having different parts that all agree with each other
.a well-thought-out and consistent argument
opposite inconsistent
.Her work has been consistently excellent.
take / took / taken
fly / flew / flown
Lower/raise the temperature
outcome (noun)
/ˈaʊtkʌm/
- the final result of an action or event
. We are waiting to hear the outcome of the negotiations(/nə’gəuʃı’eıʃənz/ مذاکره، مذاکرات ).
. These costs are payable whatever the outcome of the case.
further down the road
-(further) along/down the road
at some time in the future
*There are certain to be more job losses further down the road.
*We can’t solve every problem today, so we’ll deal with that one further down the road.
clarity (noun)
/ˈklærət̮i/
[uncountable]
(شفافیت, وضوح، روشنی، نظم و ترتیب، تمیزی)
1- the quality of being expressed clearly
. a lack of clarity in the law
2- the ability to think about or understand something clearly
. clarity of thought/purpose/vision
3- if a picture, substance(جسم، شی، جنس، ماده اصلی، ذات، ), or sound has clarity, you can see or hear it very clearly, or see through it easily
. the clarity of sound on a CD.
attempt (noun- Verb)
/əˈtɛmpt/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they attempt
he / she / it attempts
past simple attempted
-ing form attempting
(کوشش کردن؛ کوشش, سو قصد کردن، قصد کردن، مبادرت کردن به، تقلا کردن، )
(noun)
1-[countable, uncountable] an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult, often with no success
. I passed my driving test on the first attempt.
2- [countable] attempt (on somebody/on somebody’s life) an act of trying to kill someone
. Someone has made an attempt on the president’s life.
3- [countable] attempt (on something) an effort to do better than something, such as a very good performance in sports
. his attempt on the world land speed record.
(Verb)
-to make an effort or try to do something, especially something difficult
. attempt to do something/ attempt something
I will attempt to answer all your questions.
strike back (phrasal verb)
strike back (at/against somebody)
to try to harm someone in return for an attack or injury you have received
(مقابله به مثل)
grand plan
طرح بزرگ
convince (verb)
/kənˈvɪns/
present simple I / you / we / they – convince
he / she / it – convinces
past simple – convinced
-ing form – convincing
convict (noun)
conviction (noun)
convinced (adjective)
convincing (adjective) unconvincing
1- to make someone/yourself believe that something is true.
. convince somebody/yourself (of something) – You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm (اشتیاق، شور و شوق) for the job.
. convince somebody/yourself (that)… – I’d convinced myself (that) I was right.
2- convince somebody to do something to persuade (ترغیب کردن، مجاب کردن) someone to do something
. I’ve been trying to convince him to see a doctor.
متقاعد کردن
regardless (adverb)
/rɪˈɡɑrdləs/
(بدون توجه به .صرفنظر از، با وجود، علی رغم,ارسال ایمیل)
- paying no attention, even if the situation is bad or there are difficulties
. The weather was terrible but we carried on regardless.
she’s just done the marathon.
bizarre (adjective)
/bɪˈzɑr/
bizarrely (adverb)
-very strange or unusual
= weird
. a bizarre situation/incident(پیشامد، حادثه)/story
. bizarre behavior
. bizarrely dressed
giant (noun)
/ˈdʒaɪənt/
*He’s a giant of a man.
*the multinational oil giants
*literary giants
interpersonal adjective
/ˌɪntərˈpɜːrsənl/
[only before noun]
میان فردی
-connected with relationships between people
*interpersonal skills
identity (noun)
/aɪˈdɛntət̮i/
(pl. identities)
1- [countable, uncountable] (abbreviation(مخفف) ID) who or what someone or something is.
. She is innocent; it was a case of mistaken identity.
. She went through an identity crisis (بحران) in her teens (= was not sure of who she was or of her place in society).
2- [countable, uncountable] the characteristics, feelings, or beliefs that distinguish (تمیزدادن، تشخیص دادن، ) people from others
. a sense of national/cultural/personal/group identity
. a plan to strengthen (استحکام بخشیدن، تقویت کردن) the corporate identity (هویت سازمانی) of the company.
3- [uncountable] identity (with somebody/something) identity (between A and B) the state or feeling of being very similar to and able to understand someone or something
. an identity of interests
discover verb
/dɪˈskʌvər/
present simple I / you / we / they – discover
he / she / it – discovers
past simple – discovered
-ing form – discovering
discoverer (noun)
1- discover something to be the first person to become aware that a particular place or thing exists
. Cook is credited with discovering Hawaii.
. Scientists around the world are working to discover a cure (علاج، دارو) for AIDS.
2- to find someone or something that was hidden or that you did not expect to find
. discover somebody/something – Police discovered a large stash(انبار کردن، ذخیره کردن )of drugs while searching the house.
. discover somebody/something doing something – He was discovered hiding in a shed(انباری).
. discover somebody/something + adj. – She was discovered dead at her home in Portland.
3- to find out about something; to find some information about something
. discover something– I’ve just discovered hang gliding(نوعی کایت سواری)!
. discover (that)…– It was a shock to discover (that) he couldn’t read.
. discover why, how, etc… – We never did discover why she gave up her job.
. it is discovered that… – It was later discovered that the diaries(دفتر سررسید، دفتر خاطرات روزانه) were a fraud.
. somebody/something is discovered to be/have… – He was later discovered to be seriously ill.
4- [often passive] discover somebody to be the first person to realize that someone is very good at singing, acting, etc. and help them to become successful and famous
. The singer was discovered while still in school.
revolutionize (verb)
/ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnaɪz/
revolutionize something
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they revolutionize
he / she / it revolutionizes
past simple revolutionized
-ing form revolutionizing
revolution (noun)
revolutionize (verb)
revolutionary (adj)
revolutionarily (adv)
-to completely change the way that something is done
*Aerial(هوایی) photography has revolutionized the study of archaeology(باستان شناسی).
exhibit (verb)
/ɪɡˈzɪbət/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they exhibit
he / she / it exhibits
past simple exhibited
-ing form exhibiting
(به نمایش گذاشتن, نمایش دادن، در معرض نمایش قراردادن، ارایه دادن، ابراز کردن)
1- [transitive, intransitive] to show something in a public place for people to enjoy or to give them information
. exhibit something (at/in…)/exhibit (at/in…)
He exhibits regularly in local art galleries.
2- [transitive] exhibit something (formal) to show clearly that you have or feel a particular feeling, quality, or ability
= display
. The patient exhibited signs of fatigue (خستگی , فرسودگی، فرسودن) and memory loss.
rush (verb)
/rʌʃ/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they rush
he / she / it rushes
past simple rushed
-ing form rushing
(با عجله رفتن، شتاب کردن, یورش کردن، حمله کردن، حمله، یورش، حرکت شدید، ازدحام مردم، جویبار، هجوم بردن )
1- move fast
. + adv./prep. Don’t rush off, I haven’t finished.
. The children rushed out of school.
2- take/send quickly
. Ambulances rushed the injured to the hospital.
3- do something too quickly
. rush into something/into doing something
We don’t want to rush into having a baby.
. rush somebody/rush somebody into something/into doing something
4- attack
. Fans rushed the stage after the concert.
5- in football
. [transitive] rush somebody to run into someone who has the ball
6- [transitive, intransitive] rush (something) to go through the process of joining a fraternity or sorority
. He’s deciding whether to rush a fraternity.
phenomenon (noun)
/fəˈnɑməˌnɑn/
pl. phenomena
phenomenal adjective
/fəˈnɑmənl/
phenomenon:
پدیده-حادثه-تجلی
1-a fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood
*cultural/natural/social phenomena
*Globalization (جهانی شدن)is a phenomenon of the 21st century.
2-(phenomenons) a person or thing that is very successful or impressive(چشمگیر)
phenomenal:
فوق العاده
very great or impressive
= extraordinary
*The product has been a phenomenal success.
In awe
polarize (verb)
/ˈpoʊləˌraɪz/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they polarize
he / she / it polarizes
past simple polarized
-ing form polarizing
polarization (noun) [uncountable, countable]
/ˌpoʊlərəˈzeɪʃn/
1- [intransitive, transitive] to separate or make people separate into two groups with completely opposite opinions
. Public opinion has polarized on this issue.
. polarize something The issue has polarized public opinion.
2- [transitive] polarize something (physics) to make waves of light, etc. vibrate in a single direction
3- [transitive] polarize something (physics) to give polarity to something
to polarize a magnet
sprain (verb)/ sprain (noun)
/spreɪn/
sprain something
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they sprain
he / she / it sprains
past simple sprained
-ing form spraining
(verb) پیچ خوردن
-to injure a joint in your body, especially your wrist or ankle, by suddenly twisting it
*I stumbled(تصادف کرد) and sprained my ankle.
(noun)
*a bad ankle sprain
feasible (adjective)
/ˈfizəbl/
feasibility (noun) [uncountable]
/ˌfizəˈbɪlət̮i/
(عملی، امکان پذیر، میسر)
- that is possible and likely to be achieved
= practicable
a feasible plan/suggestion/idea
opposite -unfeasible
. a feasibility study on the proposed (پیشنهاد کردن، طرح کردن) new airport
inattentive (adjective)
/ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv/
(disapproving- ناپسند، حاکی از نارضایتی)
opposite attentive
inattentively (adverb)
(بی اعتنا، بی توجه)
- not paying attention to something or someone
. an inattentive pupil
. inattentive to something/somebody inattentive to the needs of others
inherent (adjective)
/ɪnˈhɪrənt/ ,
inherent (in somebody/something)
inherently (adverb)
ذاتی
-that is a basic or permanent part of someone or something and that cannot be removed
= intrinsic /inˈtrinzik/
*the difficulties inherent in a study of this type
*Violence is inherent in our society.
*an inherently unworkable system
Idiom
fair enough (informal)
used to say that an idea or a suggestion seems reasonable
. “We’ll meet at 8.” “Fair enough.”
. If you don’t want to come, fair enough, but let Bill know.
collaborative (adjective) [only before noun]
/kəˈlæbrət̮ɪv/
collaboratively (adverb)
(مبتنی بر همکاری)
- involving, or done by, several people or groups of people working together
. collaborative projects/studies/research
. a collaborative effort(تلاش، کوشش)/venture (جرات، جسارت)
underscore (verb)
/ˈʌndərˌskɔr/
= underline
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they underscore
he / she / it underscores
past simple underscored
-ing form underscoring
(خط یا علامتی زیرچیزی کشیدن، تاکید)
profitable ( adj)
/ˈprɑfət̮əbl/
= lucrative
profitability (n)
profitably (adv)
1-that makes or is likely to make money
.a highly profitable business
.a profitable investment
2-that gives someone an advantage or a useful result
. a profitable experience
=rewarding
Strain a relationship
-If a relationship is strained, problems are spoiling (خراب کردن) it
* Relations between the two countries have become strained (= difficult) recently.
-showing that someone is nervous or worried
*She was looking strained and had dark circles beneath(زیر) her eyes
paramount (adjective)
/ˈpærəˌmaʊnt/
paramountcy (noun [uncountable])
/ˈpærəˌmaʊntsi/
(فائق، حاکم عالیمقام، بزرگتر، برترین)
1- more important than anything else
. This matter is of paramount importance.
. Safety is paramount.
2- (formal) having the highest position or the greatest power
. China’s paramount leader
substitute (verb)
/ˈsʌbstəˌtut/
[intransitive, transitive]
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they substitute
he / she / it substitutes
past simple substituted
-ing form substituting
sub‧sti‧tu‧tion (noun [uncountable, countable])
/ˌsʌbstəˈtuʃn/
جایگزین کردن
-to take the place of someone or something else; to use someone or something instead of someone or something else
*substitute for somebody/something Nothing can substitute for the advice your doctor is able to give you.
*the substitution of low-fat spreads for butter
defensive (adjective)
/dɪˈfɛnsɪv
(دفاعی، حالت تدافع)
1- protecting someone or something against attack
. a defensive measure (یک اقدام دفاعی)
2- behaving in a way that shows that you feel that people are criticizing(انتقاد کردن، ایراد گرفتن) you
. Don’t ask him about his plans—he just gets defensive.
3- (sport) connected with trying to prevent the other team or player from scoring points or goals
. defensive play
indicate (verb)
/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they indicate
he / she / it indicates
past simple indicated
-ing form indicating
1-show
*Research indicates that eating habits are changing fast.
2-suggest
*A red sky at night often indicates good weather the next day.
3- mention
*In his letter, he indicated to us (that) he was willing to cooperate(همکاری کردن).
4- point to
*She took out a map and indicated the quickest route to us.
5- give information
*The results are indicated in Table 2.
*You are allowed 2 pieces of luggage(بار مسافر) unless your ticket indicates otherwise(در غیر این صورت).
6- show measurement
*When the temperature gauge indicates 90°F or more, turn off the engine.
7- be recommended
*A course of chemotherapy(شیمی درمانی) was indicated.
curiosity (noun)
/ˌkyʊriˈɑsət̮i/
(pl. curiosities)
(کنجکاوی-حس کنجکاوی)
1- [uncountable, singular] curiosity (about something) curiosity (to do something) a strong desire (میل، خواسته) to know about something
. Children show curiosity about everything.
2- [countable] an unusual and interesting thing
. The museum is full of historical curiosities.
[Idioms]
- curiosity killed the cat (saying)
used to tell someone not to ask questions or try to find out about things that do not concern them
controversial (adjective)
/ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃl/
opposite — noncontroversial, uncontroversial
controversially (adverb)
/ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəli/
(جنجالی، بحث برانگیز)
- causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement
. a highly controversial topic
. Punishments for prisoners include the loss of privileges (مزایا) and, more controversially, the stopping of visits.
They must have/bear a certain resemblance to each other.
admit (verb)
/ədˈmɪt/
1- [intransitive, transitive] admit (to somebody) (that…) to agree, often unwillingly, that something is true
= confess
. Don’t be afraid to admit to your mistakes.
2- [intransitive, transitive] to say that you have done something wrong or illegal
= confess to
. He refused to admit to the other charges.(او از اعتراف به سایر اتهامات خودداری کرد.)
3- [transitive] to allow someone or something to enter a place.
. Each ticket admits one adult.
4- [transitive] to allow someone to become a member of a club, a school, or an organization.
. Women were only admitted into the club last year.
5- admit somebody to/into a hospital, an institution(موسسه), etc. to take someone to a hospital or other institution where they can receive special care.
. Two crash victims were admitted to the local hospital.
belief (noun)
/bɪˈlif/
(باور، عقیده، اعتقاد, ایمان، گمان، اعتماد)
1- [uncountable] belief (in something/somebody)
a strong feeling that something or someone exists or is true; confidence that something or someone is good or right
. I admire his passionate(پر شور، پر هیجان - adj) belief in what he is doing.
. belief in God/democracy
2- [singular, uncountable] belief (that…)
an opinion about something; something that you think is true
. She acted in the belief that she was doing good.
. Contrary to popular belief (= in spite (با وجود) of what people may think), he was not responsible for the tragedy.
3- [countable, usually plural] something that you believe, especially as part of your religion
. religious/political beliefs.
lessen (verb)
/ˈlɛsn/
[intransitive, transitive]
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they lessen
he / she / it lessens
past simple lessened
-ing form lessening
lessening (noun) [singular, uncountable]
-to become or make something become smaller, weaker, less important, etc.
= diminish , minimize
*The noise began to lessen.
*lessen something to… lessen the risk/impact/effect of something
*a lessening of tension (تنش)
avalanche (noun)
/ˈævəˌlæntʃ/
(also snowslide)
بهمن
-a cold
- runny nose
- cough (verb)
*I caught a cold / I’m catching a cold
* cough syrup
giant (noun)
/ˈdʒaɪənt/
1- (in stories) a very large, strong person who is often cruel and stupid
2- an unusually large person, animal, or plant
. He’s a giant of a man.
3- a very large and powerful organization
. the multinational oil giants
4- a person who is very good at something
. literary (کتابی، ادیبانه، ) giants
oppose (verb)
/əˈpoʊz/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they oppose
he / she / it opposes
past simple opposed
-ing form opposing
1- to disagree strongly with someone’s plan, policy, etc. and try to change it or prevent it from succeeding(متعاقب، بعدی)
. I would oppose changing the law.
2- oppose somebody to compete with someone in a contest(مسابقه)
. She intends (قصد کردن، خیال داشتن) to oppose the incumbent(متصدی، ناگزیر) in the next election(انتخابات).
foster (verb) - (adjective [only before noun])
/ˈfɔstər/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they foster ,
he / she / it fosters ,
past simple fostered ,
-ing form fostering
(پرورش دادن، کمک کردن)
(V)
1- foster something to encourage something to develop
= encourage (تشویق کردن), promote (تاسیس کردن، توسعه دادن، بالا بردن)
The organization’s aim is to foster better relations within the community.
2- foster somebody to take another person’s child into your home for a period of time, without becoming his or her legal parents
They have fostered over 60 children during the past ten years.
(adj)
- used with some nouns in connection with the fostering of a child
.a foster mother/father/family/ foster parent/ a foster child/a foster home / foster care
destructive (adjective)
/dɪˈstrʌktɪv/
destructively (adverb)
destructiveness (noun) [uncountable]
(مخرب، ویرانگر)
- causing destruction or damage
. the destructive power of modern weapons(سلاح).
. the destructive effects of anxiety
adopt (verb)
/əˈdɑpt/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they adopt
he / she / it adopts
past simple adopted
-ing form adopting
(بطور رسمی به فرزندی پذیرفتن یک کودک ,قبول کردن، اتخاذ کردن، اقتباس کردن، تعمید دادن، نام گذاردن)
1- child
. adopt somebody / to adopt a child
2- [transitive] adopt something to start to use a particular method or to show a particular attitude toward someone or something
. All three teams adopted different approaches to the problem.
3- [transitive] adopt something to formally accept a suggestion or policy by voting
. to adopt a resolution
4- [transitive] adopt something to choose a new name, a country, a custom, etc. and begin to use it as your own
. to adopt a name/title/language
5- [transitive] adopt something (formal) to use a particular manner, way of speaking, expression, etc.
. He adopted an air of indifference.
It’s just an excuse [to] avoid doing exercise.
You can manage to do some light exercises every day.
petrified (adjective) = terrified
/ˈpɛtrəˌfaɪd/
1- extremely frightened
. petrified (of something) I’m petrified of snakes.
. They were petrified with fear (= so frightened that they were unable to move or think).
. petrified (that…) She was petrified that the police would burst (/bərst/ – حمله کردن) in at any moment.
2- [only before noun] petrified trees, insects, etc. have died and been changed into stone over a very long period of time
. a petrified forest
thrilling(هیجان انگیز)/ exhilarating(نشاط آور)/exciting
shabby (adjective)
/ˈʃæbi/
(shabbier, shabbiest)
shabbily (adverb)
/ˈʃæbəli/
shabbiness (noun [uncountable])
/ˈʃæbinəs/
پست، دون، نخ نما، کهنه، ژنده
1- (of buildings, clothes, objects, etc.) in poor condition because they have been used a lot
= scruffy (کثیف و ژولیده-ناهنجار، ناسترده)
*The outside of the house was beginning to look shabby.
2- (of a person) badly dressed in clothes that have been worn a lot
= scruffy
*The old man was shabby and unkempt(شانه نکرده، ژولیده، نامرتب، ناهنجار، خشن، ناسترده).
3- (of behavior) unfair or unreasonable
= shoddy
*She tried to make up for her shabby treatment of him.
*shabbily dressed
*I think you were very shabbily treated.
stretch (verb)
/strɛtʃ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they stretch
he / she / it stretches
past simple stretched
-ing form stretching
کشش، دراز کردن، کشیدن، امتداد دادن، بسط دادن، منبسط کردن،
phenomenon (noun)
/fəˈnɑməˌnɑn/
(پدیده, حادثه، عارضه)
1- a fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood
. cultural/natural/social phenomena
2- (phenomenons) a person or thing that is very successful or impressive
spread (verb)
/sprɛd/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they spread
he / she / it spreads
past simple spread
-ing form spreading
گسترش
شیوع
وسعت
appear verb
/əˈpɪr/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they appear
he / she / it appears
past simple appeared
-ing form appearing
1-linking verb (not used in the progressive tenses) to give the impression of being or doing something
= seem
*+ adj./appear to be something/appear to do something/it appears (that)…/It would appear that
They appeared not to know what was happening.
2-[intransitive] to start to be seen
*Three days later a rash(کهیر) appeared.
*+ adv./prep. A bus appeared around the corner.
3-begin to exist
*When did mammals appear on the earth?
4-of book/program
*His new book will be appearing in the spring.
5-in movie/play
*He has appeared in over 60 movies.
6-arrive
*By ten o’clock, Lee still hadn’t appeared.
7-be written/mentioned
*Your name will appear at the front of the book.
8-in court
*She appeared on six charges of theft.
alter (verb)
/ˈɔltər/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they alter
he / she / it alters
past simple altered
-ing form altering
alterable (adjective) (formal)
1-[intransitive, transitive] to become different; to make someone or something different
*Prices did not alter significantly(به طور قابل ملاحظه) during 2010.
2-[transitive] alter something to make changes to a piece of clothing so that it will fit you better
*We can have the dress altered to fit you.
chronic (adjective)
/ˈkrɑnɪk/
chronically (adverb)
/ˈkrɑnɪkli/
(مزمن -دیرینه، سخت، شدید)
1- (especially of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure or get rid of
. chronic bronchitis/arthritis(التهاب مفصل)/asthma(تنگی نفس، آسم)
2- having had a disease for a long time
. a chronic alcoholic/depressive
. a hospital for the chronically ill.
high-quality listening
completion (noun)
/kəmˈpliʃn/
[uncountable]
تکمیل
-the act or process of finishing something; the state of being finished and complete
*the completion of the new hospital building
*The project is due for completion in the spring.
*The road is nearing completion (= it is nearly finished).
consistent (adjective)
/kənˈsɪstənt/
consistently (adverb)
opposite inconsistent
(استوار، استحکام، سازگار، نامتناقض، غلظت)
1- (approving) always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc.
. She’s not very consistent in the way she treats her children.
2- happening in the same way and continuing for a period of time
. the senator’s consistent failure to come up with any new policies
3- consistent with something in agreement with something; not contradicting something
. The results are entirely consistent with our earlier research.
4- (of an argument or a set of ideas) having different parts that all agree with each other
. a well-thought-out and consistent argument
opposite inconsistent
.Her work has been consistently excellent.
idiom
time is kind of up
the allowed period of time has ended
prejudiced (adjective)
/ˈprɛdʒədəst/
(متعصب)
1- having an unreasonable dislike of or preference(اولویت) for someone or something, especially based on their race(نژاد، نسل، تبار), religion, sex, etc.
. Few people will admit(اعتراف کردن، پذیرفتن) to being racially(نژادی) prejudiced.
. prejudiced (against/in favor of somebody/something) They are prejudiced against older applicants(متقاضی, داوطلب).
turnover (noun)
/ˈtərnˌoʊvər/
1- [countable, usually singular, uncountable] turnover (of something) the total amount of goods or services sold by a company during a particular period of time
. an annual (سالانه) turnover of $75 million
. a fall in turnover
2- [singular] turnover (of somebody) the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by other people
a high turnover of staff
3- [singular] turnover (of something) the rate at which goods are sold in a store and replaced by others
. a fast turnover of stock
4- [countable] a small pie in the shape of a triangle or half a circle, filled with fruit or jelly
5- [countable] (in football or basketball) an occasion when the team that has the ball loses it to the other team
(میزان درآمد، مقدار فروش)
essentially (adverb)
/ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
essential (adjective)
essential (noun) [usually plural]
/ɪˈsɛnʃl/
(adv)
(اصولا، در اصل, ذاتا، بطور ضروری، واقعا)
-when you think about the true, important, or basic nature of someone or something
= basically, fundamentally
.There are three essentially different ways of tackling ((به مشکلات) پرداختن) the problem.
(n)
(حیاتی، ضروری، واجب)
1- something that is needed in a particular situation or in order to do a particular thing
. I only had time to pack the bare essentials (= the most necessary things).
2- an important basic fact or piece of knowledge about a subject
. the essentials of English grammar
explorer (noun)
/ɪkˈsplɔrər/
جستجوگر
-a person who travels to unknown places in order to find out more about them
*Early explorers traded directly with Native Americans for furs.
Treat with animals
I treat Peyman kindly.
concerted (adjective) [only before noun]
/kənˈsərt̮əd/
(مجتمعا، باهم، موزون، هم نوا)
-done in a planned and determined way, especially by more than one person, government, country, etc.
. a concerted approach/attack/campaign
. She has begun to make a concerted effort to find a job.
Injure your back
swallow (verb)
/ˈswɑloʊ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they swallow
he / she / it swallows
past simple swallowed
-ing form swallowing
1- [transitive, intransitive] to make food, drink, etc. go down your throat into your stomach
*swallow (something) Always chew food well before swallowing it.
2-[intransitive] to move the muscles of your throat as if you were swallowing something, especially because you are nervous
*She swallowed hard and told him the bad news.
3- [transitive, often passive] to take someone or something in or completely cover them, so that they cannot be seen or no longer exist separately
*swallow somebody/something I watched her walk down the road until she was swallowed by the darkness.
4-[transitive] swallow somebody/something (up) to use up something completely, especially an amount of money
*Most of my salary gets swallowed (up) by the rent and bills.
5-[transitive] to accept that something is true; to believe something
swallow something I found her excuse very hard to swallow.
6-[transitive] swallow something to hide your feelings
*to swallow your doubts
7- [transitive] swallow something to accept insults, criticisms, etc. without complaining or protesting
*I was surprised that he just sat there and swallowed all their remarks(اظهار نظر-توضیح، تفسیر، تذکر، ).
[Idioms]
-a bitter pill (for somebody) (to swallow)
a fact or an event that is unpleasant and difficult to accept
*The election(انتخابات) defeat(شکست) was a bitter pill(قرص) for the party to swallow.
prioritize (verb)
/praɪˈɔrəˌtaɪz/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they prioritize
he / she / it prioritizes
past simple prioritized
-ing form prioritizing
prioritization (noun)[uncountable]
/praɪˌɔrət̮əˈzeɪʃn/
(اولویت بندی کنید)
1- [transitive, intransitive] prioritize (something) to put tasks, problems, etc. in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important first
.You should make a list of all the jobs you have to do and prioritize them.
2-[transitive] prioritize something (formal) to treat something as being more important than other things
. The organization was formed to prioritize the needs of older people.
failure (noun)
/ˈfeɪlyər/
not successful
1- [uncountable] lack of success in doing or achieving something
. The success or failure of the plan depends on you.
. The attempt (کوشش کردن؛ کوشش )was doomed (محکوم به فنا - /du:md/
) to failure.
. All my efforts ended in failure.
2- [countable] a person or thing that is not successful
. The whole thing was a complete failure.
not doing something
3- [uncountable, countable] failure to do something an act of not doing something, especially something that you are expected to do
. His confession followed repeated failures to appear(ظاهرشدن، پدیدار شدن
) in court.
of machine/part of body
4- [uncountable, countable] the state of not working correctly or as expected; an occasion when this happens
. patients suffering from heart/kidney, etc. failure
of business
5- [countable, uncountable] business/bank failure a situation in which a business or bank has to close because it is not successful
. an alarming increase in bank failures
of crops
6- [uncountable, countable] crop failure a situation in which crops do not grow correctly and do not produce food
. Bad weather has resulted in crop failure.
clash (verb)-(noun)
/klæʃ/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they clash
he / she / it clashes
past simple clashed
-ing form clashing
(verb)
1-fight/compete
.Demonstrators (معترض) clashed violently with police.
2-argue / (over/on something)
.The leaders and members clashed on the issue.
3- be different
.They have clashing personalities.
4- of colors
. The wallpaper and the carpet clash.
5- make loud noise
.The long blades clashed together.
6- of two events
. Unfortunately your party clashes with a wedding I’m going to
(noun)
= conflict
. Clashes broke out between police and demonstrators.
. a clash between the two leaders over education policy
decade (noun)
/ˈdɛkeɪd/
- a period of ten years, especially a period such as 1910–1919 or 1990–1999
thought (noun)
/θɔt/
1- something you think
. The very thought of it makes me feel sick.
2- mind/ideas
. You are always in my thoughts.
3-process/act of thinking
. She was lost in thought (= concentrating so much on her thoughts that she was not aware((از چیزی) آگاه بودن) of her surroundings).
4- [uncountable] the act of thinking seriously and carefully about something
= consideration
. I’ve given the matter careful thought.
5- care/worry
. Spare a thought for those without enough to eat this winter.
. Don’t give it another thought (= to tell someone not to worry after they have said they are sorry).
. It’s the thought that counts (= used to say that someone has been very kind even if they have only done something small or unimportant).
6- intention
. She had given up all thought of changing her job.
7- in politics/science, etc.
. feminist thought
