VFI-L3-Keeping fit Flashcards
(noun): health benefit/ risks/ problems/ care/ education/ system
(adjective): in good/ in poor/ in excellent health
*a healthy appetite (اشتها)/ diet/ economy/ disrespect for authority
- in fixed pattern= regular
*quickly= briskly (brisk adjective) - little by little= gradually
*a strong suggestion= recommendation
*speed= pace
*get better= recover - doing something to excess (اضافه)= overdoing
- every second one= alternate(متناوبا عوض کردن)= swap
- very important= vital
*food scientists= dietitian
*neither small nor large= moderate
*serving= portions - missing out on= skipping
*limit= curb - desire to eat= appetite
- totally remove= eliminate (از بین بردن، ریشه کن کردن)
*a condition that cause illness if you eat certain foods= allergy
*activate= trigger
- allergy(n)/ allergic(adj)
*benefit(n , v)/ beneficial (adj)
*harm(n , v)/ harmful (adj) &Op harmless
*health (n)/ healthy (adj) &Op unhealthy
*infection (n)/ infect (v) &Op disinfect/ infectious (adj) {عفونت,سرایت مرض}
*nutrition (n){تغذیه}/ nourish (v)/ nutritious (adj)
*obesity (n)/ obese (adj)
*prevention (n)/ prevent (v)/ preventable (adj)
*recommendation (n)/ recommend (v)/ recommended (adj) - variety (n)/ vary(v)/ various, varied (adj)
stroke (noun)
/stroʊk/
1- an act of hitting a ball, for example with a golf club or racket
*What a beautiful stroke!
2- a single movement of the arm when hitting someone or something
*His punishment was six strokes of the cane.
3- any of a series of repeated movements in swimming or rowing
*She took a few more strokes to reach the bank.
4- (often in compounds) a style of swimming
*Butterfly is the only stroke I can’t do.
5-the person who sets the speed at which everyone in a boat rows
6- a sudden serious illness when a blood vessel (= tube) in the brain bursts or is blocked, which can cause death or the loss of the ability to move or to speak clearly
*to have/suffer a stroke
7- [usually singular] an act of moving your hand gently over a surface, usually several times
*He gave the cat a stroke.
8- a mark made by moving a pen, brush, etc. once across a surface
*to paint with fine brush strokes
9- stroke (of something) a single successful action or event
*Your idea was a stroke of genius.
10-each of the sounds made by a clock or bell giving the hours
*At the first stroke it will be 9 o’clock exactly.
(نوازش کردن,ضربه مهارشده، ضربه با کنترل، زمان، مرحله، سکته، ضربه، ضربت، لطمه، ضرب، حرکت، تکان، لمس کردن، دست,کشیدن روی، نوازش کردن، زدن)
rarely (adverb)
/ˈrɛrli/
1- not very often
*She is rarely seen in public nowadays.
2- (formal)
*Rarely has a debate attracted so much media attention.
nutrient (noun)
/ˈnutriənt/
(technology)
- a substance that is needed to keep a living thing alive and to help it to grow
*a lack of essential nutrients
*Plants draw minerals and other nutrients from the soil
ingredient (noun)
/ɪnˈɡridiənt/
ingredient (of/in/for something)
1- one of the things from which something is made, especially one of the foods that are used together to make a particular dish
*Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries.
2-one of the things or qualities that are necessary to make something successful
*the essential ingredients for success
(ماده اولیه غذا، هر یک از اجزای تشکیل دهنده چیزی,جزء ترکیبی، (در جمع) اجزاء، ذرات، داخل شونده، عوامل، عناصر)
tempt (verb)
/tɛmpt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they tempt
he / she / it tempts
past simple tempted
-ing form tempting
1- to attract someone or make someone want to do or have something, even if they know it is wrong
*tempt somebody (into something/into doing something)// I was tempted by the dessert menu.
2- to persuade or try to persuade someone to do something that you want them to do, for example by offering them something
*tempt somebody (into something/into doing something)// How can we tempt young people into engineering?
(وسوسه کردن,اغوا کردن، فریفتن، دچار وسوسه کردن)
appetite (noun)
/ˈæpəˌtaɪt/
1- [uncountable, countable, usually singular] physical desire for food
*He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite.
2- [countable] a strong desire for something
*sexual appetites
*The preview was intended to whet your appetite (= make you want more).
(اشتها,میل و رغبت ذاتی، آرزو، اشتیاق)
eliminate (verb)
/ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they eliminate
he / she / it eliminates
past simple eliminated
-ing form eliminating
—
elimination ( noun [uncountable, countable])
/ɪˌlɪməˈneɪʃn/
1- to remove or get rid of something or someone
*eliminate something/somebody// Credit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash.
2- eliminate somebody (from something) [usually passive] to defeat a person or a team so that they no longer take part in a competition, etc.
=knock somebody—out (of something)
*Her team was eliminated in the early stages of the competition.
3- eliminate somebody (formal) to kill someone, especially an enemy or opponent
*Most of the regime’s left-wing opponents were eliminated.
(از بین بردن، ریشه کن کردن, زدودن، حذف کردن، محو کردن، (از معادله) بیرون کردن، رفع کردن، برطرف کردن)
—
*the elimination of disease/poverty/crime
artery (noun)
/ˈɑrt̮əri/
(pl. arteries)
—
arterial (adjective [only before noun])
/ɑrˈtɪriəl/
1- any of the tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body
*blocked arteries
*arterial blood/disease
treatment (noun)
/ˈtritmənt/
1- [uncountable, countable] treatment (for something) something that is done to cure an illness or injury, or to make someone look and feel good
*He is receiving treatment for shock.
2- [uncountable] a way of behaving toward or dealing with a person or thing
*the brutal treatment of political prisoners
3- [uncountable, countable] a way of dealing with or discussing a subject, work of art, etc.
*Shakespeare’s treatment of madness in “King Lear”
4- [uncountable, countable] a process by which something is cleaned, or protected against something
*a sewage(فاضلاب) treatment plant
cure (verb)
/kyʊr/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they cure
he / she / it cures
past simple cured
-ing form curing
1- cure somebody (of something) to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness
*Will you be able to cure him, doctor?
2- cure something to make an illness go away
*TB is a serious illness, but it can be cured.
3- cure something to deal with a problem successfully
*I finally managed to cure the rattling noise in my car.
4- cure somebody of something to stop someone from behaving in a particular way, especially a way that is bad or annoying.
5- cure something to treat food or tobacco with smoke, salt, etc. in order to preserve it.
(درمان,علاج، دارو، شفا دادن، بهبودی دادن، عمل آوردن، خیساندن)
bathe (verb)
/beɪð/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they bathe
he / she / it bathes
past simple bathed
-ing form bathing
1- [intransitive] to take a bath
*I bathe every day.
2- [transitive] bathe somebody to give someone a bath
*Have you bathed the baby yet?
3- [transitive] bathe something to wash something with water, especially a part of your body
*Bathe the wound and apply a clean dressing.
4- [transitive] bathe something (in something) (literary) to fill or cover something with light
*The moon bathed the countryside in silver light.
5- [intransitive] (old-fashioned) to go swimming in the sea, a river, etc. for enjoyment.
(شست و شو کردن، استحمام کردن)
writhe (verb)
/raɪð/
[intransitive] writhe (about/around) (in/with something)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they writhe
he / she / it writhes
past simple writhed
-ing form writhing
1- to twist or move your body without stopping, often because you are in great pain
*She was writhing around on the floor in agony.
2- (figurative)
*He was writhing (= suffering a lot) with embarrassment.
((از شدت درد یا شرم) بخود پیچیدن، پیچ و تاب خوردن، ازرده شدن)
notion (noun)
/ˈnoʊʃn/
- an idea, a belief, or an understanding of something
*notion (of something) //a political system based on the notions of equality and liberty
*She had only a vague notion of what might happen.
staple (adjective)
/ˈsteɪpl/
[only before noun]
- forming a basic, large, or important part of something
*The staple crop is rice.
*Jeans are a staple part of every teenager’s wardrobe.
convenient (adjective)
/kənˈvinyənt/
—
conveniently (adverb)
1- convenient (for somebody/something) useful, easy, or quick to do; not causing problems
*It is very convenient to pay by credit card.
2- convenient (to something) near to a particular place; easy to get to
*The hotel is convenient to downtown.
&Opposite inconvenient
—
*The report can be conveniently divided into three main sections.
*The hotel is conveniently situated close to the beach.
persistent (adjective)
/pərˈsɪstənt/
—
persistently (adverb)
1- determined to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable
*How do you deal with persistent salesmen who won’t take no for an answer?
2- continuing for a long period of time without interruption, or repeated frequently, especially in a way that is annoying and cannot be stopped
= unrelenting
*persistent rain
(مزمن، ادامه دار,پایدار، دیرپای، ماندگار، مصر، پایا، مداوم، ایستادگی کننده، سمج)
—
*They have persistently denied claims of illegal trading.
apparatus (noun)
/ˌæpəˈræt̮əs/
(pl. apparatuses) (formal)
1- [uncountable] the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task
*a piece of laboratory apparatus
2- [countable, usually singular] the structure of a system or an organization, particularly that of a political party or a government
*the power of the state apparatus
3- [countable, usually singular] (technology) a system of organs in the body
*the sensory apparatus
(وسیله,اسباب، آلت، دستگاه، لوازم، ماشین، جهاز)
acute (adjective)
/əˈkyut/
—
acuteness (noun [uncountable])
1- very serious or severe
*There is an acute shortage of water.
*acute pain
2- an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerous
*acute appendicitis
&Opposite chronic
3- (of the senses) very sensitive and well developed
= keen
*Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
4- intelligent and quick to notice and understand things
*He is an acute observer of the social scene.
5- (geometry) (of an angle) less than 90°
(حاد,تیز رو، نوک تیز، (طب) حاد، بحرانی، زیرک، تیز نظر، شدید، (سلسله اعصاب) حساس، زاویه حاد، زاویه تند)
inability (noun)
/ˌɪnəˈbɪlət̮i/
[uncountable, singular] inability (to do something)
-the fact of not being able to do something
*the government’s inability to provide basic services
*Some families go without medical treatment because of their inability to pay.
&Opposite ability
onset (noun)
/ˈɑnsɛt/ , /ˈɔnsɛt/
[singular]
-the beginning of something, especially something unpleasant
*the onset of disease/old age/winter
disrupt (verb)
/dɪsˈrʌpt/
disrupt something
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they disrupt
he / she / it disrupts
past simple disrupted
-ing form disrupting
—
disruption (noun [uncountable, countable])
/dɪsˈrʌpʃn/
-to make it difficult for something to continue in the normal way
*Demonstrators succeeded in disrupting the meeting.
*Bus services will be disrupted tomorrow because of the bridge closure.
(مختل کردن,از هم گسیختن، بهم زدن قوا، منقطع کردن، درهم گسیختن)
—
*We aim to help you move house with minimum disruption to your life.
*disruptions to rail services
release (verb)
/rɪˈlis/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they release
he / she / it releases
past simple released
-ing form releasing
1- to let someone or something come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped
*release somebody/something to release a prisoner/hostage
2- release something to stop holding something or stop it from being held so that it can move, fly, fall, etc. freely
= let somebody/something go, let somebody/something loose
*He refused to release her arm.
3- release something to express feelings such as anger or worry in order to get rid of them
*She burst into tears, releasing all her pent-up emotions.
4- to free someone from a duty, responsibility, contract, etc.
*release somebody The club is releasing some of its older players.
5- release something to remove something from a fixed position, allowing something else to move or function
*to release the clutch/handbrake/switch, etc.
6- release something to make something less tight
*You need to release the tension in these shoulder muscles.
7- release something to make something available to the public
*Police have released no further details about the accident.
8-release something to make something available that had previously been restricted
*The new building program will go ahead as soon as the government releases the funds.
(آزاد کردن؛ آزادی,کلید قطع کننده، آزاد سازی، خارج کردن، واگذار کردن، اجازه صدور، اجازه ارسال پیام، رهاکردن، بخشودگی، ترخیص کردن کالا، برگ مرخصی، رها کردن، آزاد کردن، مرخص کردن، منتشر ساختن، رهایی، آزادی، ترخیص، بخشش، پخش، بری شدن)
controversial (adjective)
/ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃl/
—
controversially ( adverb)
/ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəli/
-causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement
*a highly controversial topic
*one of the most controversial of Seattle’s new office buildings
&Opposite// noncontroversial, uncontroversial
—
*Punishments for prisoners include the loss of privileges and, more controversially, the stopping of visits.
(جنجالی، بحث برانگیز,مباحثه ای، جدلی، جدال آمیز، هم ستیزگرانه)
clear-cut (adjective)
- definite and easy to see or identify
*There is no clear-cut answer to this question.
*a clear-cut distinction
(روشن، صریح)
apt (adjective)
/æpt/
—
aptly (adverb)
—
aptness (noun [uncountable])
1- suitable or appropriate in the circumstances
*a particularly apt description/name/comment
2- likely or having a natural tendency to do something
*apt to be… apt to be forgetful/careless
3- apt student/pupil a person who has a natural ability to learn and understand.
(مستعد، قابل، درخور، مناسب، شایسته، محتمل، متمایل)
—
*the aptly named Grand Hotel
marital (adjective)
/ˈmærət̮l/
[only before noun]
-connected with marriage or with the relationship between a husband and wife
*marital difficulties/breakdown
crave (verb)
/kreɪv/
[transitive, intransitive] crave (for) something crave to do something
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they crave
he / she / it craves
past simple craved
-ing form craving
-to have a very strong desire for something
= long for
*She has always craved excitement.
(ارزو کردن، طلبیدن، اشتیاق داشتن)
counteract (verb)
/ˌkaʊntəˈrækt/
counteract something
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they counteract
he / she / it counteracts
past simple counteracted
-ing form counteracting
- to do something to reduce or prevent the bad or harmful effects of something
= counter
*These exercises aim to counteract the effects of stress and tension.
(خنثی کردن,متقابلا تاثیر گذاشتن، بی اثر کردن، عمل متقابل کردن)
tension (noun)
/ˈtɛnʃn/
1- [uncountable, countable, usually plural] tension (between A and B) a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly toward each other, and which may cause them to attack each other
*There is mounting tension along the border.
2- [countable, uncountable] tension (between A and B) a situation in which the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties
*There is often a tension between the aims of the company and the wishes of the employees.
3- [uncountable] a feeling of anxiety and stress that makes it impossible to relax
*nervous tension
4- [uncountable] the feeling of fear and excitement that is created by a writer or a movie director
*dramatic tension
5- [uncountable] the state of being stretched tight; the extent to which something is stretched tight
*muscular tension
(تنش؛ گرفتگی (عضلات),کشش، امتداد، تمدد، قوه انبساط، سفتی، بحران، تحت فشار قرار دادن، کشمکش)
promote (verb)
/prəˈmoʊt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they promote
he / she / it promotes
past simple promoted
-ing form promoting
1- promote something to help something to happen or develop
= encourage
*policies to promote economic growth
2- to help sell a product, service, etc. or make it more popular by advertising it or offering it at a special price
*promote something// The band has gone on tour to promote their new album.
3- [often passive] to move someone to a higher rank or more senior job
*promote somebody (from something) (to something)// He has been promoted to sergeant.
&Opposite demote
abdominal (adjective)
/æbˈdɑmənl/
[only before noun] (anatomy)
-relating to or connected with the abdomen
*abdominal pains
(وریدهای شکمی، ماهیان بطنی)
gland (noun)
/ɡlænd/
—
glandular (adjective [usually before noun]0
/ˈɡlændʒələr/
-an organ in a person’s or an animal’s body that produces a substance for the body to use. There are many different glands in the body
*a snake’s poison glands
(غده)
—
*glandular tissue
chronic (adjective)
/ˈkrɑnɪk/
—
chronically (adverb)
/ˈkrɑnɪkli/
1- (especially of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure or get rid of
*chronic bronchitis/arthritis/asthma
&Opposite acute
2- having had a disease for a long time
*a chronic alcoholic/depressive
(مزمن,دیرینه، سخت، شدید)
—
*a hospital for the chronically ill
intensify (verb)
/ɪnˈtɛnsəˌfaɪ/
[intransitive, transitive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they intensify
he / she / it intensifies
past simple intensified
-ing form intensifying
—
intensification ( noun [uncountable, singular])
/ɪnˌtɛnsəfəˈkeɪʃn/
-to increase in degree or strength; to make something increase in degree or strength
= heighten
*Violence intensified during the night.
*intensify something The opposition leader has intensified his attacks on the government.
—
predisposition (noun)
/ˌpridɪspəˈzɪʃn/
[countable, uncountable] predisposition (to/toward something) predisposition (to do something) (formal)
- a condition that makes someone or something likely to behave in a particular way or to suffer from a particular disease
*a genetic predisposition to liver disease
(زمینه,امادگی، استعداد، تمایل قبلی)
unresolved (adjective)
/ˌʌnrɪˈzɑlvd/
(formal)
(of a problem or question) not yet solved or answered; not having been resolved
(تصمیم نگرفته، حل نشده، تصفیه نشده)
sufferer
anticipation (noun)
/ænˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃn/
[uncountable]
1- the fact of seeing that something might happen in the future and perhaps doing something about it now
*He bought extra food in anticipation of more people coming than he’d invited.
2- a feeling of excitement about something (usually something good) that is going to happen
*happy/eager/excited anticipation
(انتظار,پیش بینی، وقوع قبل از موعد مقرر، پیشدستی)
