V3 Flashcards
arise (verb) =occur
/əˈraɪz/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they arise
he / she / it arises
past simple arose
past participle arisen
-ing form arising
1-[intransitive] (rather formal) (especially of a problem or a difficult situation) to happen; to start to exist
=occur
*A new crisis has arisen.
2- [intransitive] arise (out of/from something) (rather formal) to happen as a result of a particular situation
*injuries arising out of a road accident
3-[intransitive] (formal) to begin to exist or develop
*Several new industries arose in the town.
4- [intransitive] (old use or literary) to get out of bed; to stand up
*He arose at dawn.
5- [intransitive] arise (against somebody/something) (old use) to come together to protest about something or to fight for something
*The peasants arose against their masters.
6-[intransitive] (literary) (of a mountain, a tall building, etc.) to become visible gradually as you move toward it
(به وجود آمدن,برخاستن، بلند شدن، رخ دادن، ناشی شدن، بوجود آوردن، برآمدن، طلوع کردن، قیام کردن، طغیان کردن)
rare (adjective)
/rɛr/
(rarer, rarest)
1- not done, seen, happening, etc. very often
*a rare disease/occurrence/sight
2- existing only in small numbers and therefore valuable or interesting
*a rare book/coin/stamp
3- (of meat) cooked for only a short time so that the inside is still red
*“How would you like your steak?” “Rare.”.
(نادر، کمیاب,کم، رقیق، لطیف، نیم پخته)
entire (adjective) = whole
/ɪnˈtaɪər/
[only before noun]
- (used when you are emphasizing that the whole of something is involved) including everything, everyone, or every part
= whole
*The entire village was destroyed.
(کل، همه,کامل، همگی، تمام، درست، دست نخورده، بی عیب)
nation (noun) = population
/ˈneɪʃn/
1- [countable] a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture, and history, who live in a particular area under one government
*an independent nation
2- [singular] all the people in a country
= population
*The entire nation, it seemed, was watching TV..
(ملت، کشور,قوم، امت، طایفه)
authority (noun) = specialist
/əˈθɔrət̮i/
(pl. authorities)
1- [uncountable] the power to give orders to people
*in a position of authority
2- [uncountable] authority (to do something) the power or right to do something
*Only the manager has the authority to sign checks.
3- [uncountable] official permission to do something
*It was done without the principal’s authority.
4- [countable, usually plural] the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region
*The health authorities are investigating the problem.
5- [uncountable] the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position
*He spoke with authority on the topic.
6- [countable] authority (on something) a person with special knowledge
= specialist
*She’s an authority on criminal law.
(قدرت, صلاحیت، مقام، اقتدار، توانایی، اختیار، اجازه، اعتبار، نفوذ)
interpretation (noun)
/ɪnˌtərprəˈteɪʃn/
[countable, uncountable]
1- the particular way in which something is understood or explained
*Her evidence (مدرک، اثبات) suggests a different interpretation of the events.
2- the particular way in which someone chooses to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc.
*a modern interpretation of “King Lear”
(معنی، تفسیر، تفسیر اخبار و اطلاعات رسیده، تفسیر عکس، شرح، بیان، تفسیر، تعبیر، ترجمه، مفاد، )
widespread (adjective)
/ˌwaɪdˈsprɛd/
- existing or happening over a large area or among many people
*widespread damage
*The plan received widespread support throughout the country.
informed (adjective)
/ɪnˈfɔrmd/
- having or showing a lot of knowledge about a particular subject or situation
*an informed critic (منتقد)
*an informed choice/decision/guess/opinion
(مطلع، مستحضر، بصیر، بااطلاع)
prudent (adjective)
/ˈprudnt/
prudence (noun [uncountable])
/ˈprudns/
prudently (adverb)
- sensible and careful when you make judgments and decisions; avoiding unnecessary risks
*a prudent businessman
(محتاط)
*Maybe you’ll exercise a little more financial prudence next time.
*They very prudently decided not to take the case to court.
neutrality (noun)
/nuˈtrælət̮i/
[uncountable]
-the state of not supporting either side in a disagreement, competition, or war.
(بی طرفی، خنثی بودن، بی اثر بودن، بیطرفی، نادرگیری)
myth (noun) = legend = fallacy
/mɪθ/
[countable, uncountable]
1- a story from ancient times, especially one that was told to explain natural events or to describe the early history of a people; this type of story
= legend
*ancient Greek myths
2- something that many people believe but that does not exist or is false
= fallacy (مغالطه، دلیل سفسطه امیز، استدلال غلط)
*It is time to dispel the myth of a classless society (= to show that it does not exist).
(اسطوره, افسانه)
context (noun)
/ˈkɑntɛkst/
[countable, uncountable]
contextual (adjective)
/kənˈtɛkstʃuəl/
(formal)
contextually (adverb)
(context (noun))
1- the situation in which something happens and that helps you to understand it
*This speech needs to be set in the context of the U.S. in the 1960s.
2-the words that come just before and after a word, phrase, or statement, and help you to understand its meaning
*You should be able to guess the meaning of the word from the context.
(متن، بافت جمله,سابقه، زمینه، مفاد، مفهوم)
(contextual (adjective))
-connected with a particular context
*contextual information
*contextual clues to the meaning
prevalent (adjective)
/ˈprɛvələnt/
prevalent (among somebody) prevalent (in somebody/something)
prevalence (noun [uncountable])
/ˈprɛvələns/
- that exists or is very common at a particular time or in a particular place
= common
= widespread
*a prevalent view
*The disease is even more prevalent in Latin America.
(رایج، شایع، متداول، فائق، مرسوم، برتر)
*an increase in the prevalence of smoking among young people
elsewhere (adverb)
/ˈɛlswɛr/
-in, at, or to another place.
*The answer to the problem must be sought elsewhere.
*Our favorite restaurant was closed, so we had to go elsewhere.
(در جای دیگر، بجای دیگر، نقطه دیگر)
intrinsic (adjective)
/ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/
intrinsically (adverb)
/ɪnˈtrɪnzɪkli/
-belonging to or part of the real nature of something or someone
*the intrinsic value of education
(اصلی,بی واسطه، ذاتی، باطنی، طبیعی، ذهنی، روحی، حقیقی، مرتب، شایسته)
*There is nothing intrinsically wrong with the idea (= it is good in itself but there may be outside circumstances that mean it is not suitable).
hence (adverb)
/hɛns/
(formal)
-for this reason
*We suspect they are trying to hide something, hence the need for an independent investigation.
(بنابراین، از این رو، از این جهت، پس از این)
[[Idioms]]
… days, weeks, etc. hence (formal)
-a number of days, etc. from now
*The true consequences will only be known several years hence.
navigate (verb)
/ˈnævəˌɡeɪt/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they navigate
he / she / it navigates
past simple navigated
-ing form navigating
1- [intransitive, transitive] to find your position or the position of your ship, plane, car, etc. and the direction you need to go in, for example by using a map
*I’ll drive, and you can navigate.
2- [transitive] navigate something to sail along, over, or through an ocean, river, etc.
*The river became too narrow and shallow to navigate.
3- [transitive] navigate something to find the right way to deal with a difficult or complicated situation
*We next had to navigate a complex network of committees.
4- [intransitive, transitive] navigate (something) (computing) to find your way around on the Internet or on a particular Web site
(ناوبری کردن، کشتیرانی کردن، هدایت کردن (هواپیماو غیره)، طبیعت، ذات، گوهر، ماهیت، خوی، افرینش، گونه، نوع خاصیت)
entail (verb)
/ɪnˈteɪl/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they entail
he / she / it entails
past simple entailed
-ing form entailing
-to involve something that cannot be avoided
= involve
*The job entails a lot of hard work.
*The girls learn exactly what is entailed in caring for a newborn baby.
(مستلزم بودن، شامل بودن، فراهم کردن، متضمن بودن، دربرداشتن، حمل کردن بر، حبس یاوقف کردن، موجب شدن)
nor (conjunction)
/nɔr/
1- neither… nor… not… nor… and not
*She seemed neither surprised nor worried.
2- used before a positive verb to agree with something negative that has just been said
*She doesn’t like them, nor does Jeff.
(نه این و نه آن,هیچ یک)
oppress (verb)
/əˈprɛs/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they oppress
he / she / it oppresses
past simple oppressed
-ing form oppressing
oppression (noun [uncountable])
/əˈprɛʃn/
1- oppress somebody to treat someone in a cruel and unfair way, especially by not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people
*The regime is accused of oppressing religious minorities.
2- oppress somebody to make someone only able to think about sad or worrying things
synonym weigh somebody — down
*The gloomy atmosphere in the office oppressed her.
(ستم کردن بر، کوفتن، تعدی کردن، درمضیقه قرار دادن، پریشان کردن، ظلم کردن بر)
*victims of oppression
inevitable (adjective) = unavoidable
/ɪnˈɛvət̮əbl/
inevitability (noun [uncountable, singular])
/ɪnˌɛvət̮əˈbɪlət̮i/
1- that you cannot avoid or prevent
= unavoidable
*It was an inevitable consequence of the decision.
2- [only before noun] (often humorous) so frequent that you always expect it
*toddlers and their inevitable tantrums (بداخلاقی، بهانه گیری)
3- the inevitable noun [singular] something that is certain to happen
*You have to accept the inevitable.
(اجتناب ناپذیر,ناچار، نا گزیر، چاره ناپذیر، غیر قابل امتناع، حتما، حتمی الوقوع، بدیهی)
*the inevitability of death
*There was an inevitability about their defeat(شکست).
corrupt (adjective) - (verb)
/kəˈrʌpt/
corruptly (adverb)
1- (of people) willing to use their power to do dishonest or illegal things in return for money or to get an advantage
*a corrupt regime
2- (of behavior) dishonest or immoral (غیراخلاقی)
*corrupt practices
3- (computing) containing changes or faults, and no longer in the original state
*corrupt software
(فاسد؛ فاسد کردن,تحریف شده، معیوب کردن، رشوه خوار، رشوه دادن، خراب کردن)
sacrifice (noun)- (Verb)
/ˈsækrəˌfaɪs/
1- [countable, uncountable] the fact of giving up something important or valuable to you in order to get or do something that seems more important; something that you give up in this way
*The makers of the product assured(خاطرجمع، مطمئن، امن، محفوظ، جسور، مغرور، بیمه شده، ) us that there had been no sacrifice of quality.
2- [countable, uncountable] sacrifice (to somebody) the act of offering something to a god, especially an animal that has been killed in a special way; an animal, etc. that is offered in this way
*They offered sacrifices to the gods.
(فدا کردن,قربانی برای شفاعت، قربانی دادن، فداکاری کردن، قربانی کردن جانبازی)
satisfy (verb)
/ˈsæt̮əsˌfaɪ/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they satisfy
he / she / it satisfies
past simple satisfied
-ing form satisfying
[
satisfaction noun (≠dissatisfaction)
satisfactory adjective (≠unsatisfactory)
satisfy verb
satisfying adjective (≠unsatisfying)
satisfied adjective (≠dissatisfied) (≠unsatisfied)
]
1- satisfy somebody (not used in the progressive tenses) to make someone pleased by doing or giving them what they want
*Nothing satisfies him—he’s always complaining.
2- satisfy something to provide what is wanted, needed, or asked for
*The food wasn’t enough to satisfy his hunger.
3- (not used in the progressive tenses) to make someone certain something is true or has been done
* Her explanation did not satisfy the teacher.
(راضی کردن,ایفا یا ادا کردن، خرسند کردن، خشنود کردن، قانع کردن)
obsess (verb)
/əbˈsɛs/
[Verb Forms]
present simple I / you / we / they obsess
he / she / it obsesses
past simple obsessed
-ing form obsessing
1- [transitive, often passive] obsess somebody to completely fill your mind so that you cannot think of anything else, in a way that is not normal
*He’s obsessed by computers.
2- [intransitive] obsess (about something) to be always talking or worrying about a particular thing, especially when this annoys other people
*I think you should try to stop obsessing about food.
approval (noun)
/əˈpruvl/
1- [uncountable] the feeling that someone or something is good or acceptable; a positive opinion of someone or something
*She desperately wanted to win her father’s approval.
2- [uncountable, countable] agreement to, or permission for something, especially a plan or request
*The plan will be submitted to the committee for official approval.
3- [uncountable] if you buy goods, or if goods are sold, on approval, you can use them for a time without paying, until you decide if you want to buy them or not
(تایید,اجازه، تصدیق، تصویب، موافقت، تجویز)
brunt (noun)
/brʌnt/
ضربه، لطمه، بار، فشار
everlasting (adjective) = eternal = constant, interminable, never-ending
/ˌɛvərˈlæstɪŋ/
everlastingly (adverb)
1- continuing forever; never changing
= eternal
*everlasting life/love
*an everlasting memory of her smile
2- (disapproving) continuing too long; repeated too often
= constant, interminable, never-ending
*I’m tired of your everlasting complaints.
dubious (adjective)
/ˈdubiəs/
dubiously (adverb)
1- [not usually before noun] dubious (about something)/(about doing something) (of a person) not certain and slightly suspicious about something; not knowing whether something is good or bad
= doubtful
*I was pretty dubious about the whole idea.
2- (disapproving) probably not honest
= suspicious
*They indulged in some highly dubious business practices to obtain their current position in the market.
3- that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good
*They consider the plan to be of dubious benefit to most families.
assumption (noun)
/əˈsʌmpʃn/
1- [countable] a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof
*an underlying/implicit assumption
2- [countable, uncountable] assumption of something (formal) the act of taking or beginning to have power or responsibility
*their assumption of power/control
(فرض، گمان,قصد، انگاشت، پنداشت)
sacred (adjective) = sacrosanct
/ˈseɪkrəd/
1- connected with God or a god; considered to be holy
*a sacred image/shrine/temple
2- very important and treated with great respect
= sacrosanct (مقدس، قدوس، منزه)
*Human life must always be sacred.
(مقدس,روحانی، خاص، موقوف، وقف شده)
ironic (adjective)
/aɪˈrɑnɪk/
(less frequent ironical /aɪˈrɑnɪkl/
ironically (adverb)
/aɪˈrɑnɪkli/
1- showing that you really mean the opposite of what you are saying; expressing irony
*an ironic comment
2- (of a situation) strange or amusing because it is very different from what you expect
*It’s ironic that she became a teacher—she used to hate school.
(طعنه آمیز, طعنه زن، طعنه ای، کنایه دار)
*Ironically, the book she felt was her worst sold more copies than any of her others.
(با حالت کنایه، بصورت طعنه آمیز,به طعنه، از روی طعنه)
subsequently (adverb)
/ˈsʌbsəkwəntli/
(formal)
subsequent (adjective)
- afterward; later; after something else has happened
*The original interview notes were subsequently lost.
*Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees.
*He subsequently became chairman of the party.
(متعاقبا، سپس)
supremacy (noun)
/səˈprɛməsi/
[uncountable]
-a position in which you have more power, authority, or status than anyone else
*the battle for supremacy in the region
*the dangerous notion of white supremacy (= that white races are better than others and should control them)
(حاکمیت، برتری کامل قوا، برتری، تفوق، بلندی، افراشتگی، رفت)
wrap (verb)
/ræp/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they wrap
he / she / it wraps
past simple wrapped
-ing form wrapping
1- [transitive] wrap something (up) (in something) to cover something completely in paper or other material, for example when you are giving it as a present
*He spent the evening wrapping up the Christmas presents.
2- [transitive] to cover something or someone in material, for example in order to protect it/them
*wrap A (up) in B— Wrap the meat in foil before you cook it.
3-[transitive] wrap something around somebody/something to put something firmly around something or someone
*A scarf was wrapped around his neck.
4- [transitive, intransitive] (computing) to cause text to be carried over to a new line automatically as you reach the end of the previous line; to be carried over in this way
*wrap something (around)— How can I wrap the text?
tree sap
شیره درخت
urgent (adjective)
/ˈərdʒənt/
urgency ( noun [uncountable, singular] )
/ˈərdʒənsi/
urgently (adverb)
1- that needs to be dealt with or happen immediately
=pressing
*an urgent appeal for information
2- showing that you think that something needs to be dealt with immediately
*an urgent whisper(نجوا)
*This is a matter of some urgency.
*New equipment is urgently needed.
leaflet (noun) = booklet, pamphlet
/ˈliflət/
-a printed sheet of paper or a few printed pages that are given free to advertise or give information about something
= booklet, pamphlet
*a leaflet on local places of interest.
*Pick up a free leaflet at your local supermarket.
cottage (noun)
/ˈkɑt̮ɪdʒ/
1- a small house, especially in the country
*a charming country cottage with roses around the door
2- (Canadian English) a second house that people have, usually near a lake, where they can go on weekends and for holidays
(کلبه، خانه روستایی)
frightened (adjective)
/ˈfraɪtnd/
1- afraid; feeling fear
*a frightened child
2- (informal)
*I’d never do that. I’d be frightened to death.
(هراسان، ترسیده، وحشت زده)
wicked (adjective) = mischievous = evil
/ˈwɪkəd/
(wickeder, wickedest)
wickedly (adverb)
wickedness (noun [uncountable])
1- morally bad
= evil
*a wicked deed (مدرک، کردار، کار)
*stories about a wicked witch (زن جادوگر)
2- (informal) slightly bad but in a way that is amusing and/or attractive
= mischievous (بدسگال، موذی، شیطان، بدجنس)
*a wicked grin (پوزخند)
3- dangerous, harmful, or powerful
*He has a wicked punch(مشت زدن).
4- (slang) very good
*This song’s wicked.
*Martin grinned wickedly.
*a wickedly funny comedy.
(شرور، خبیث,نابکار، شریر، بدکار، تبه کار، گناهکار، بد خو، بدجنس)
dwarf (noun)
/dwɔrf/
(pl. dwarfs or dwarves /dwɔrvz/
1- (in stories) a creature like a small man, who has magic powers and who is usually described as living and working under the ground, especially working with metal
2- (sometimes offensive) an extremely small person, who will never grow to a normal size because of a physical problem; a person suffering from dwarfism
(قدکوتاه، کوتوله شدن، کوتاه جلوه دادن)
treasure (noun)-(verb)
/ˈtrɛʒər/
1- [uncountable] a collection of valuable things such as gold, silver, and jewelry
*buried treasure
2- [countable, usually plural] a highly valued object
*the priceless art treasures of the Metropolitan Museum
3- [singular] a person who is much loved or valued
*Liz is an absolute treasure—I couldn’t do without her.
(گنج,خزانه، ثروت، جواهر، گنجینه اندوختن، گرامی داشتن، دفینه)
caught in a tree = stuck up (in) a tree
In a difficult situation
