VFI-L2-mental and physical development

Question 1

crawl (verb)
/krɔl/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they crawl
he / she / it crawls
past simple crawled
-ing form crawling

Answer 1

1- [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move forward on your hands and knees, with your body close to the ground
*Our baby is just starting to crawl.

2- [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) when an insect crawls, it moves forward on its legs
*There’s a spider crawling up your leg.

3- [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move forward very slowly
*The traffic was crawling along.
(خزیدن، سینه خیز رفتن؛ آهسته حرکت کردن)

Question 2

tie a shoelace

Answer 2

shoelace (noun)
(ʃuˌleɪs)
-a length of cord, leather, etc. used for lacing and fastening a shoe.
*He began to tie his shoelaces.

Question 3

infant (noun)
/ˈɪnfənt/
(formal or )
—
toddler (noun)
/ˈtɑdlər/

Answer 3

-(law) a baby, especially a very young one
*a day care center for infants
*their infant son
(نوزاد)
—
-a child who has only recently learned to walk

Question 4

gesture (verb)
/ˈdʒɛstʃər/ , /ˈdʒɛʃtʃər/
[intransitive, transitive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they gesture
he / she / it gestures
past simple gestured
-ing form gesturing
—
gesture (noun)
/ˈdʒɛstʃər/

Answer 4

• to move your hands, head, face, etc. as a way of expressing what you mean or want
  *(+ adv./prep.) // “I see you read a lot,” he said, gesturing at the wall of books.
  —
  1- [countable, uncountable] a movement that you make with your hands, your head, or your face to show a particular meaning
  *He made a rude gesture at the driver of the other car.

2- [countable] something that you do or say to show a particular feeling or intention
*They sent some flowers as a gesture of sympathy to the parents of the child.
(ژست، اشاره (مخصوصا با دست یا سر),حرکت، اشارات و حرکات در موقع سخن گفتن، وضع، رفتار، ژست، قیافه، ادا)

Question 5

intended (adjective)
/ɪnˈtɛndəd/
[only before noun]
—
intend (verb)
/ɪnˈtɛnd/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they intend
he / she / it intends
past simple intended
-ing form intending

Answer 5

1- that you are trying to achieve or reach
*the intended purpose

2-planned or designed for someone or something
*intended for somebody/something// The book is intended for children.
(تعیین شده، نامزد)
—
1- [intransitive, transitive] to have a plan, result, or purpose in your mind when you do something
*We finished later than we had intended.

2- [transitive] to plan that something should have a particular meaning
= mean
*intend something (by something)// What exactly did you intend by that remark?
(قصد انجام کاری داشتن,قصد کردن، خیال داشتن، فهمیدن، معنی دادن، بر آن بودن، خواستن)

Question 6

independent (adjective)
/ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt/
—
independently (adverb)

Answer 6

*independently (of somebody/something) //The two departments work independently of each other.

Question 7

tricycle (oun)
/ˈtraɪsɪkl/
(informal trike)

Answer 7

• a vehicle, used especially by small children, that is similar to a bicycle, but with one wheel at the front and two at the back

Question 8

make-believe (noun) / imagination
[uncountable]

Answer 8

1- (disapproving) imagining or pretending things to be different or more exciting than they really are
= fantasy
*They live in a world of make-believe

2- imagining that something is real, or that you are someone else, for example in a child’s game
*“Let’s play make-believe,” said Sam.

Question 9

middle-childhood

Question 10

immature (adjective)
/ˌɪməˈtʃʊr/
—
immaturity (noun [uncountable])
/ˌɪməˈtʃʊrət̮i/

Answer 10

1- behaving in a way that is not sensible and is typical of people who are much younger
*immature behavior

2- not fully developed or grown
*immature plants
&Opposite mature

Question 11

appear (verb)
/əˈpɪr/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they appear
he / she / it appears
past simple appeared
-ing form appearing

Answer 11

1- linking verb (not used in the progressive tenses) to give the impression of being or doing something
= seem
*+ adj.// She didn’t appear at all surprised at the news.

2- [intransitive] to start to be seen
*Three days later a rash appeared.

3- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to begin to exist or be known or used for the first time
*When did mammals appear on the earth?

4- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to be published or broadcast
*His new book will be appearing in the spring.

5- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to take part in a movie, play, television program, etc.
*He has appeared in over 60 movies.

6- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to arrive at a place
*By ten o’clock, Lee still hadn’t appeared.

7- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to be written or mentioned somewhere
*Your name will appear at the front of the book.

8- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to be present in court in order to give evidence or answer a charge
*A man who is charged with the murder will appear in court today .

9- [intransitive] appear for/on behalf of somebody to act as someone’s lawyer in court
*Alan Dershowitz is the lawyer appearing for the defendant.

Question 12

acquire (verb)
/əˈkwaɪər/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they acquire
he / she / it acquires
past simple acquired
-ing form acquiring

Answer 12

= learn a skill
1- acquire something to obtain something by buying or being given it
*The company has just acquired new premises.

2-acquire something to gain something by your own efforts, ability, or behavior
*She has acquired a good knowledge of English.

Question 13

imitate (verb)
/ˈɪməˌteɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they imitate
he / she / it imitates
past simple imitated
-ing form imitating

Answer 13

= copy
1- imitate somebody/something to copy someone or something
*Her style of painting has been imitated by other artists.

2- imitate somebody to copy the way a person speaks or behaves, in order to amuse people
= mimic
*She knew that the girls used to imitate her and laugh at her behind her back.

Question 14

unassisted = without help

Question 15

spontaneous (adjective)
/spɑnˈteɪniəs/
—
spontaneously (adverb)

Answer 15

1- not planned but done because you suddenly want to do it
*a spontaneous offer of help
*The audience burst into spontaneous applause.

2-often doing things without planning to, because you suddenly want to do them

3- (technology) happening naturally, without being made to happen
*spontaneous remission of the disease.

4-done naturally, without being forced or practiced
*a tape recording of spontaneous speech
(خودبه خود,خود انگیز، بی اختیار، فوری)
—
= in a natural, unforced way
*We spontaneously started to dance.
*The bleeding often stops spontaneously.
(خودبخود، به طیب خاطر، بی اختیار)

Question 16

mastered= developed a skill to high level
phase= stage/ period

Question 17

*develop (V)—development (n)— developed/ developing/ overdeveloped (adj)
*grow(v)—growth (n)— fully-grow/ overgrown (adj)
*mature/ reach maturity (v)— maturity (n)— mature (adj)

Question 18

crucial (adjective)
/ˈkruʃl/
—
crucially (adverb)
/ˈkruʃəli/

Answer 18

• extremely important, because it will affect other things
  = critical, essential
  *a crucial factor/issue/decision
  *topics of crucial importance
  —
  *crucially important

Question 19

milestone (noun)
/ˈmaɪlstoʊn/

Answer 19

1- (also milepost) a very important stage or event in the development of something
= landmark
*This voyage marked an important milestone in the history of exploration.

2- a stone by the side of a road that shows how far it is to the next town and to other places
(فرسخ شمار، مرحله مهمی از زندگی، مرحله برجسته، با میل خود شمار نشان گذاری کردن)

Question 20

peer (noun)
/pɪr/

Answer 20

[usually plural] a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you
*She enjoys the respect of her peers.
*A peer review system is being introduced to help teachers who are experiencing difficulty.
*Children are worried about failing in front of their peers.

Question 21

appearance (noun)
/əˈpɪrəns/

Answer 21

1- [countable, uncountable] the way that someone or something looks on the outside; what someone or something seems to be
*the physical/outward/external appearance of something

2- [countable, usually singular] the fact of someone or something arriving, especially when it is not expected
*The sudden appearance of a security guard caused them to drop the money and run.

3- [countable, usually singular] the moment at which something begins to exist or starts to be seen or used
*the early appearance of daffodils in spring

4- [countable] an act of appearing in public, especially as a performer, politician, etc., or in court
*President Obama makes frequent public appearances.

5- [countable, usually singular] an act of being published or broadcast
*the appearance of claims about the minister’s private life in the press

Question 22

self-consciously (adverb)
—
self-consciousness (noun [uncountable])

Answer 22

1- self-conscious (about something) nervous or embarrassed about your appearance or what other people think of you
*He’s always been self-conscious about being so short.

2- (often disapproving) done in a way that shows you are aware of the effect that is being produced
*The humor of the play is self-conscious and contrived.
&Opposite unselfconscious
—-
*She was self-consciously aware of his stare.

Question 23

spurt (verb)
/spərt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they spurt
he / she / it spurts
past simple spurted
-ing form spurting
—
spurt (noun)
/spərt/

Answer 23

1- [intransitive, transitive] (of liquid or flames) to burst or pour out suddenly; to produce sudden powerful streams of liquid or flames
*spurt (from something)// Blood was spurting from her nose.

2- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to increase your speed for a short time to get somewhere faster
*She spurted past me to get to the line first.
—
1- an amount of liquid or flames that comes out of somewhere with great force
*a great spurt of blood

2- a sudden increase in speed, effort, activity, or emotion for a short period of time
*Babies get very hungry during growth spurts.
(جهش ناگهانی، کوشش ناگهانی وکوتاه، جنبش تند وناگهانی، خروج ناگهانی، جوانه زدن، فوران کردن، جهش کرد ن)

Question 24

clumsy (adjective)
/ˈklʌmzi/
(clumsier, clumsiest)
—
clumsily (adverb)
/ˈklʌmzəli/
—
clumsiness (noun [uncountable])

Answer 24

1- (of people and animals) moving or doing things in a very awkward way
*I spilled your coffee. Sorry—that was clumsy of me.

2- (of actions and statements) done without skill or in a way that offends people
*She made a clumsy attempt to apologize.

3- (of objects) difficult to move or use easily; not well designed.

4-(of processes) awkward; too complicated to understand or use easily
*The complaints procedure is clumsy and time-consuming.

Question 25

cognitive (adjective)
/ˈkɑɡnət̮ɪv/
[usually before noun]

Answer 25

• connected with mental processes of understanding
  *a child’s cognitive development
  *cognitive psychology
  (شناختی)

Question 26

rebel (verb)
/rɪˈbɛl/
[intransitive] rebel (against somebody/something)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they rebel
he / she / it rebels
past simple rebelled
-ing form rebelling
—
rebel (noun)
/ˈrɛbl/

Answer 26

• to fight against or refuse to obey an authority, for example a government, a system, your parents, etc.
  *He later rebelled against his strict religious upbringing.
  *Most teenagers find something to rebel against.
  —
  1- a person who fights against the government of their country
  rebel forces
  *Armed rebels advanced toward the capital.

2- a person who opposes someone in authority over them within an organization, a political party, etc.
*A number of Republican rebels are planning to vote against the president’s proposal.

3- a person who does not like to obey rules or who does not accept normal standards of behavior, dress, etc.
*I’ve always been the rebel of the family.
(شورشی,شورش کردن، سرکش، آدم افسار گسیخته، متمرد، یاغی گری کردن، تمرد کردن، شوریدن، طغیان گر)

Question 27

enormous (adjective)
/ɪˈnɔrməs/

Answer 27

• extremely large
  = huge, immense
  *an enormous house/dog
  *an enormous amount of time

Question 28

infancy (noun)
/ˈɪnfənsi/
[uncountable]

Answer 28

1- the time when a child is a baby
*to die in infancy

2- the early development of something
*a time when the movie business was still in its infancy
(طفولیت، نوباوگی، طقولیت، کودکی، صباوت، خردی، صغر (در حقوق))

Question 29

• bear in mind= remember
  *have something in mind= have an idea
  *have something on your mind= be worried about something
  *my mind went blank= I couldn’t remember a thing
  *it slipped my mind= I forgot
  *put your mind at ease= stop you from worrying
  *broaden the mind= increase your knowledge

Question 30

connected with memory:

Answer 30

memory, reminisce (یاداوری کردن، بخاطراوردن، یاد کردن), look back, remind, memorize, forget, reminder

Question 31

childhood:
*crawl
*immature
*irresponsible
*rebellious (adj-یاغی)
*throw a tantrum(n-بداخلاقی، بهانه گیری)
*unsteady

Answer 31

parenthood:
*nurturing (v,n-تربیت، پرورش)
*overindulgent (indulgent(adj): بخشنده، زیاده رو)
*overprotective
*patient
*tolerant (adj-باگذشت,با مدارا)

Question 32

logical (adjective)
/ˈlɑdʒɪkl/
—
logically (adverb)
/ˈlɑdʒɪkli/

Answer 32

1- (of an action, event, etc.) seeming natural, reasonable. or sensible
*a logical thing to do in the circumstances

2- following or able to follow the rules of logic in which ideas or facts are based on other true ideas or facts
*a logical argument
&Opposite illogical
(منطقی، معقول,استدلالی)
—
*to argue logically

Question 33

hypothetical (adjective)
/ˌhaɪpəˈθɛt̮ɪkl/
—
hypothetically (adverb)
/ˌhaɪpəˈθɛt̮ɪkli/

Answer 33

• based on situations or ideas that are possible and imagined rather than real and true
  *a hypothetical question/situation/example
  *Let us take the hypothetical case of Sheila, a mother of two…
  (فرضی)

Question 34

abstract (adjective)
/əbˈstrækt/
—
abstractly (adverb)

Answer 34

*abstract concept
1- based on general ideas and not on any particular real person, thing, or situation
*abstract knowledge/principles

2- existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical reality
*We may talk of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract.

3- (of art) not representing people or things in a realistic way, but expressing the artist’s ideas about them
*the work of abstract expressionists like Mark Rothko
(انتزاعی (یک نوع سبک هنری)، تجریدی، مطلق (عدد),ربودن، بردن، کش رفتن، خلاصه کردن، چکیده کردن، جداکردن، تجزیه کردن)

Question 35

elderly (adjective)
/ˈɛldərli/

Answer 35

1- (of people) used as a polite word for‘old’
*an elderly couple

2-the elderly noun [plural] people who are old

Question 36

unparalleled (adjective)
/ʌnˈpærəˌlɛld/
(formal)

Answer 36

• used to emphasize that something is bigger, better, or worse than anything else like it
  = unequaled
  *It was an unparalleled opportunity to develop her career.
  *The book has enjoyed a success unparalleled in recent publishing history.
  (بی مانند، بی نظیر، بی همتا)

Question 37

intransitive (adjective) &Opposite transitive
/ɪnˈtrænsət̮ɪv/
—
intransitively (adverb)

Answer 37

• (of verbs) used without a direct object
  *The verb “die” as in “He died suddenly,” is intransitive.
  &Opposite transitive
  (فعل لازم)
  —
  *The verb is being used intransitively.

Question 38

gain (verb)
/ɡeɪn/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they gain
he / she / it gains
past simple gained
-ing form gaining

Answer 38

1- [transitive] to obtain or win something, especially something that you need or want
*gain something to gain entrance/entry/access to something

2- [transitive, intransitive] to obtain an advantage or benefit from something or from doing something
*gain something (by/from something) // There is nothing to be gained from delaying the decision.

3- [transitive] gain something to gradually get more of something
*to gain confidence/strength/experience
&Opposite lose

4- [transitive, intransitive] gain (something) to go too fast
*My watch gains two minutes every 24 hours.
&Opposite lose

5- [transitive, intransitive] to increase in value
*gain something // The shares gained 14 cents.

6- [transitive] gain something (formal) to reach a place, usually after a lot of effort
*At last she gained the shelter of an old barn.

Question 39

migrant (noun)
/ˈmaɪɡrənt/

Answer 39

1- a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work
*migrant workers

2- a bird or an animal that moves from one place to another according to the season

Question 40

acronym (noun)
/ˈækrənɪm/

Answer 40

• a word formed from the first letters of the words that make up the name of something: For example, “AIDS” is an acronym for “acquired immune deficiency syndrome.”
  (مخفف، سر نام، کلمه ایکه از حرف اول کلمات دیگری ترکیب شده باشد (مانند radar که از کلمات radio detecting and rangingساخته شده))

Question 41

faithfully (adverb)
/ˈfeɪθfəli/

Answer 41

1- accurately; carefully
*to follow instructions faithfully

2- in a loyal way; in a way that you can rely on
*He had supported the local team faithfully for 30 years.
(از روی وفاداری، صادقانه)