V9 Flashcards
compulsory (adjective) = mandatory & Opposite voluntary
/kəmˈpʌlsəri/
—
compulsorily ( adverb)
/kəmˈpʌlsərəli/
- that must be done because of a law or a rule
= mandatory
*It is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear helmets.
*English is a compulsory subject at this level.
Opposite voluntary
—
*Over 600 workers were compulsorily laid off.
humor (noun)
/ˈhyumər/
(Canadian English usually humour)
1- [uncountable] the quality in something that makes it funny or amusing; the ability to laugh at things that are amusing
*a story full of gentle humor
2- [countable, uncountable] (formal) the state of your feelings or mind at a particular time
*to be in the best of humors
3- [countable] (old use) one of the four liquids that were thought in the past to be in a person’s body and to influence health and character
suppose verb
/səˈpoʊz/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they suppose
he / she / it supposes
past simple supposed
-ing form supposing
1- [intransitive, transitive] to think or believe that something is true or possible (based on the knowledge that you have)
*Getting a good job isn’t as easy as you might suppose.
2- [transitive] to pretend that something is true; to imagine what would happen if something were true
* Suppose flights are full on that day—which other day could we go?
3- [intransitive, transitive] used to make a statement, request, or suggestion less direct or less strong
*I could take you in the car, I suppose (= but I don’t really want to).
specifically (adverb)
/spəˈsɪfɪkli/
1- in a detailed and exact way
*I specifically told you not to go near the water!
2- connected with or intended for one particular thing only
*liquid vitamins specifically designed for children.
3- used when you want to add more detailed and exact information
*The newspaper, or more specifically, the editor, was taken to court for publishing the photographs.
slogan (noun) =tag line
/ˈsloʊɡən/
-a word or phrase that is easy to remember, used for example by a political party or in advertising to attract people’s attention or to suggest an idea quickly
=tag line
*an advertising slogan
*a campaign slogan
explicit & implicit
explicit : صریح,واضح,اشکار
implicit : ضمنی,مجازی
imply (verb)
/ɪmˈplaɪ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they imply
he / she / it implies
past simple implied
-ing form implying
1- to suggest that something is true or that you feel or think something, without saying so directly
*Are you implying (that) I am wrong?
2- to make it seem likely that something is true or exists
= suggest
*The survey implies (that) more people are moving away than was thought.
3- imply something (of an idea, action, etc.) to make something necessary in order to be successful
= mean
*The project implies an enormous investment in training.
invoke (verb)
/ɪnˈvoʊk/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they invoke
he / she / it invokes
past simple invoked
-ing form invoking
1- invoke something (against somebody) to mention or use a law, rule, etc. as a reason for doing something
*It is unlikely that libel laws will be invoked.
2- invoke somebody/something to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for something
*She invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument.
3-invoke something to mention someone’s name to make people feel a particular thing or act in a particular way
*His name was invoked as a symbol of the revolution.
4- invoke somebody to make a request (for help) to someone, especially a god
5- invoke something to make someone have a particular feeling or imagine a particular scene
=evoke
*The opening paragraph invokes a vision of England in the early Middle Ages.
6-invoke something (computing) to begin to run a program, etc.
*This command will invoke the HELP system.
7- invoke somebody/something to make evil appear by using magic
appeal (verb)
/əˈpil/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they appeal
he / she / it appeals
past simple appealed
-ing form appealing
1- [intransitive] appeal (to somebody/something) (against something) to make a formal request to a court or to someone in authority for a judgment or a decision to be changed
*He said he would appeal after being found guilty on four counts of murder.
2- [intransitive] to attract or interest someone
*The prospect of a long wait in the rain did not appeal.
3-[intransitive] to make a serious and urgent request
*I am appealing for donations on behalf of the famine(قحطی) victims (= asking for money).
4- [intransitive] appeal (to something) to try to persuade someone to do something by suggesting that it is a fair, reasonable, or honest thing to do
*They needed to appeal to his sense of justice.
nutrition (noun)
/nuˈtrɪʃn/
[uncountable]
—
nutritional (adjective)
/nuˈtrɪʃənl/ (less frequent nutritive )
—
nutritionally (adverb)
/nuˈtrɪʃənəli/
- the process by which living things receive the food necessary for them to grow and be healthy
*advice on diet and nutrition
*to study food science and nutrition
(تغذیه)
—
*the nutritional value of milk(ارزش غذایی شیر)
—
*a nutritionally balanced menu(یک منوی غذایی متعادل)
domestic (adjective)
/dəˈmɛstɪk/
—
domestically (adverb)
/dəˈmɛstɪkli/
1-[usually before noun] of or inside a particular country; not foreign or international
*domestic affairs(امور)/politics
opposite foreign
2- [only before noun] used in the home; connected with the home or family
*domestic appliances
3- liking home life; enjoying or good at cooking, cleaning the house, etc.
*I’m not a very domestic sort of person.
*domestically produced goods
combination (noun)
/ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃn/
1- [countable] two or more things joined or mixed together to form a single unit
*His treatment was a combination of surgery, radiation, and drugs.
2- [uncountable] the act of joining or mixing together two or more things to form a single unit
*The firm is working on a new product in combination with several overseas partners.
3- [countable] a series of numbers or letters used to open a combination lock
*I can’t remember the combination
sector (noun)
/ˈsɛktər/
1- a part of an area of activity, especially of a country’s economy
*the manufacturing sector
*service-sector jobs (= in hotels, restaurants, etc.)
2- a part of a particular area, especially an area under military control
*each sector of the war zone
3- (geometry) a part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the center to the edge
(بخش,قطاع,قطاع دایره,ناحیه,محله)
alongside (preposition)
/əˌlɔŋˈsaɪd/
—
alongside (adverb)
1-next to or at the side of something or someone
*A police car pulled up alongside us.
*a lifeboat moored(لنگر انداخته است) alongside the yacht(قایق بادبانی)
2- together with or at the same time as something or someone
*Traditional beliefs still flourish alongside a modern urban lifestyle.
—
*Nick caught up with me and rode alongside.
to channel something
- to direct something into a particular place or situation
*Ditches were constructed to channel water away from the buildings
-channel something into something
* If she could only channel all that energy into something useful….
* A lot of money has been channelled into research in that particular field.
donation (noun)
/doʊˈneɪʃn/
[countable, uncountable]
—
donate (verb)
/ˈdoʊneɪt/ , /doʊˈneɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they donate
he / she / it donates
past simple donated
-ing form donating
- something that is given to a person or an organization such as a charity, in order to help them; the act of giving something in this way
*donation (to somebody/something) to make a donation to charity
*a generous/large/small donation
(اهدا)
—
1- donate something (to somebody/something) to give money, food, clothes, etc. to someone or something, especially a charity
*He donated thousands of dollars to charity.
2- donate something (to somebody/something) to allow doctors to remove blood or a body organ in order to help someone who needs it
*All donated blood is tested for HIV and other infections.
cougar (noun)
/ˈkuɡər/
(also mountain lion, panther, puma)
a large American wild animal of the cat family, with yellow-brown or grayish fur
(گربه وحشی پشمالو)
According to research
consultant (noun)
/kənˈsʌltnt/
- a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed to give advice about it to other people
*a management consultant - the President’s consultant on economic affairs(امور)
antacid (noun)
/æntˈæsɪd/
-a medicine that prevents or corrects acidity, especially in the stomach
آنتی اسید
descriptive (adjective)
/dɪˈskrɪptɪv/
—
descriptively (adverb)
1- saying what someone or something is like; describing something
*the descriptive passages in the novel
2- (linguistics) saying how language is actually used, without giving rules for how it should be used
Opposite prescriptive
توصیفی
frequently (adverb) &Opposite infrequently
/ˈfrikwəntli/
-often
*Buses run frequently between the city and the airport.
*some of the most frequently asked questions about the Internet
Opposite infrequently
associate (verb)-(noun)-(adj)
/əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt/ , /əˈsoʊsiˌeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they associate ,
he / she / it associates ,
past simple associated ,
-ing form associating
1- [transitive] associate somebody/something (with somebody/something) to make a connection between people or things in your mind
*I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood.
2- [intransitive] associate with somebody to spend time with someone, especially a person or people that someone else does not approve of
= mix
*I don’t like you associating with those people.
—
(n)
1- a person that you work with, do business with, or spend a lot of time with
*business associates
2- Associate (abbreviation Assoc.) an associate member
(adj)
1- (often in titles) of a lower rank, having fewer rights in a particular profession or organization
*associate membership in the club
2- joined to or connected with a profession or an organization
*an associate company in Japan
feminine (adjective)
/ˈfɛmənən/
1- having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of women; connected with women
*That dress makes you look very feminine.
2- (grammar) belonging to a class of words that refer to female people or animals and often have a special form
*Some people prefer not to use the feminine form “actress” and use the word “actor” for both sexes.
3-(grammar) (in some languages) belonging to a class of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that have femininegender not masculine or neuter
*The French word for “table” is feminine.
masculine (adjective)
/ˈmæskyələn/
1- having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of men; connected with or like men
*He was handsome and strong, and very masculine.
2- (grammar) belonging to a class of words that refer to male people or animals and often have a special form
*“He” and “him” are masculine pronouns.
3- (grammar) (in some languages) belonging to a class of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that have masculinegender, not feminine or neuter
*The French word for “sun” is masculine.
contain (verb)
/kənˈteɪn/
(not used in the progressive tenses)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they contain
he / she / it contains
past simple contained
1- contain something if something contains something else, it has that thing inside it or as part of it
*This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.
2- contain something to keep your feelings under control
= restrain (جلوگیری کردن از، نگهداشتن، مهار کردن)
*She was unable to contain her excitement.
3- contain something to prevent something harmful from spreading or getting worse
*to contain an epidemic
4- contain something (mathematics) to be able to be divided exactly by a number
*Ten contains five and two, but not three.
(شامل بودن,احاطه دشمن، در بر گرفتن، محتوی بودن، حاوی بودن، دارا بودن، در بر داشتن، خودداری کردن، بازداشتن)
corporation (noun)
/ˌkɔrpəˈreɪʃn/
1- (abbreviation Corp.) a large business company
*multinational corporations
2- an organization or a group of organizations that is recognized by law as a single unit
*urban development corporations
forth (adverb)
/fɔrθ/
(literary except in particular idioms and phrasal verbs)
1- away from a place; out
*They set forth at dawn.
2- toward a place; forward
*Water gushed forth from a hole in the rock.
(به جلو، به بعد)
principle (noun)
/ˈprɪnsəpl/
1- [countable, usually plural, uncountable] a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions
*He has high moral principles.
*I refuse to lie about it; it’s against my principles.
2- [countable] a law, a rule, or a theory that something is based on
*the principles and practice of writing reports
3- [countable] a belief that is accepted as a reason for acting or thinking in a particular way
*the principle that free education should be available for all children
4- [singular] a general or scientific law that explains how something works or why something happens
*the principle that heat rises
(اصل، اصول (در حالت جمع),مسلک، مرام اخلاقی)
burst (verb)-(noun)
/bərst/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they burst
he / she / it bursts
past simple burst
-ing form bursting
1- [intransitive, transitive] to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way
*That balloon will burst if you blow it up any more.
2- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to go or move somewhere suddenly with great force; to come from somewhere suddenly
*He burst into the room without knocking.
3- [intransitive] be bursting (with something) to be very full of something; to be very full and almost breaking open
*The roads are bursting with cars.
(ترکیدن,منفجر شدن، رگبار، ترکش، محل اصابت گلوله، ترکیدن، ازهم پاشیدن، شکفتن، منفجر کردن، انفجار، شیوع)
—
1- short period of a particular activity or strong emotion that often starts suddenly
*a sudden burst of activity/energy/anger/enthusiasm
2- an occasion when something bursts; the hole left where something has burst
*a burst in a water pipe
3- a short series of shots from a gun
*frequent bursts of machine-gun fire
grab (verb)-(noun)
/ɡræb/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they grab
he / she / it grabs
past simple grabbed
-ing form grabbing
1- [transitive, intransitive] to take or hold someone or something with your hand suddenly, firmly, or roughly
= seize
*grab (something) She grabbed the child’s hand and ran.
2- [intransitive] to try to take hold of something
* She grabbed at the branch, missed, and fell.
3- [transitive, intransitive] to take advantage of an opportunity to do or have something
= seize
* This was my big chance and I grabbed it with both hands.
4- [transitive] grab something to have or take something quickly, especially because you are in a hurry
*Let’s grab a sandwich before we go.
5- [transitive] grab something to take something for yourself without thinking about other people
*By the time we arrived, someone had grabbed all the good seats.
6- [transitive] grab somebody/something to get someone’s attention
*I’ll see if I can grab the waitress and get the bill.
—
1- [usually singular] grab (at/for somebody/something) a sudden attempt to take or hold someone or something
*He made a grab for her bag.
2- grab (for something) an act of taking something quickly, unfairly, and usually by force
*The company made a land grab for the waterfront property.
3- (computing) a picture taken from a television or video film, stored as an image on a computer
*a screen grab from Wednesday’s program
4- a piece of equipment that lifts and holds goods, for example the equipment that hangs from a crane
ingredient (noun)
/ɪnˈɡridiənt/
ingredient (of/in/for something)
1- one of the things from which something is made, especially one of the foods that are used together to make a particular dish
*Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries.
2- one of the things or qualities that are necessary to make something successful
*the essential ingredients for success
(ماده اولیه غذا، هر یک از اجزای تشکیل دهنده چیزی,جزء ترکیبی، (در جمع) اجزاء، ذرات، داخل شونده، عوامل، عناصر)
accuracy (noun) & Opposite inaccuracy
/ˈækyərəsi/
[uncountable]
- the state of being exact or correct; the ability to do something skillfully without making mistakes
*They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
*Candidates are judged on technical accuracy as well as artistic expression.
*She hits the ball with great accuracy.
Opposite inaccuracy
(دقت، دقت و صحت، درجه دقت، درستی)
yawn (verb)-(noun)
/yɔn/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they yawn
he / she / it yawns
past simple yawned
-ing form yawning
1- [intransitive] to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply through it, usually because you are tired or bored
*He stood up, stretched and yawned.
2- [intransitive] (of a large hole or an empty space) to be very wide and often frightening and difficult to get across
= gape
*A crevasse yawned at their feet.
domesticate (verb)
/dəˈmɛstəˌkeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they domesticate
he / she / it domesticates
past simple domesticated
-ing form domesticating
—
domesticated (adjective)
—
domestication (noun [uncountable])
/dəˌmɛstəˈkeɪʃn/
1- domesticate something to make a wild animal used to living with or working for humans
2- domesticate something to grow plants or crops for human use
= cultivate (زراعت کردن)
3- domesticate somebody (often humorous) to make someone good at cooking, caring for a house, etc.; to make someone enjoy home life
*Some men are very hard to domesticate.
(اهلی کردن، رام کردن)
—
(adj)
*domesticated animals
*They’ve become a lot more domesticated since they got married.
—
*the domestication of cattle
administer (verb)
/ədˈmɪnəstər/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they administer
he / she / it administers
past simple administered
-ing form administering
—
administrator (noun)
/ədˈmɪnəˌstreɪt̮ər/
—
administration (noun)
/ədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃn/
—
1- [often passive] administer something to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.
= manage
*to administer a charity/fund/school
2- administer something to make sure that something is done fairly and in the correct way
*to administer justice/the law
3- administer something (to somebody) (formal) to give or to provide something, especially in a formal way
*The teacher has the authority to administer punishment.
4- [often passive] (formal) to give drugs, medicine, etc. to someone
* Police believe his wife could not have administered the poison.
5- administer a kick, a punch, etc. (to somebody/something) (formal) to kick or to hit someone or something
*He administered a severe blow to his opponent’s head.
(اداره کردن,انجام دادن، رتق و فتق کردن، تقسیم کردن، تهیه کردن، اجرا کردن، توزیع کردن، تصفیه کردن، نظارت کردن، رهبری کردن)
—
-a person whose job is to manage and organize the public or business affairs of a company or an institution
*a hospital administrator
—
1- (the) Administration [countable, singular] the government of a country under a particular leader
*the Obama administration
2- the administration [countable, singular] the people who plan, organize, and run a business, an institution, etc.
*the hospital/university administration
3- (informal admin) [uncountable] the activities that are done in order to plan, organize, and run a business, school, or other institution
*Administration costs are passed on to the customer.
4- [uncountable] the process or act of organizing the way that something is done
*the administration of justice
5- [uncountable] (formal) the act of giving a drug to someone
the administration of antibiotics
(مدیریت، اداره,اداره امور یگانها، اداره کردن، اجرا کردن، اداره کل، حکومت، اجرا، الغاء، سوگند دادن)
—
debate (verb)-(noun)
/dɪˈbeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they debate
he / she / it debates
past simple debated
-ing form debating
—
1- [transitive, intransitive] to discuss something, especially formally, before making a decision or finding a solution
= discuss
*Politicians will be debating the bill later this week.
2- [intransitive, transitive] to think carefully about something before making a decision
* She debated with herself for a while, and then picked up the phone.
—
1- debate (on/about/over something) an argument or discussion expressing different opinions
*a heated/wide-ranging/lively debate
2- a formal discussion of an issue at a public meeting or in government. In a debate, two or more speakers express opposing views and then there is often a vote on the issue
*a debate on abortion
(مناظره,مناقشه، بحث، مذاکرات پارلمانی، منازعه، مناظره کردن، مباحثه کردن)
commence (verb)
/kəˈmɛns/
[intransitive, transitive] (formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they commence
he / she / it commences
past simple commenced
-ing form commencing
- to begin to happen; to begin something
*The negotiations are scheduled to commence at noon.
*I will be on leave during the week commencing February 15th.
*The day commenced with a welcome from the principal.
(شروع کردن، آغاز شدن (رسمی))
advocate (verb)-(noun)
/ˈædvəˌkeɪt/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they advocate
he / she / it advocates
past simple advocated
-ing form advocating
- to support something publicly
- The group does not advocate the use of violence.
- ## Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior.1- a person who supports or speaks in favor of someone or of a public plan or action
*an advocate for hospital workers
2- a person who defends someone in court
(حامی,دفاع کردن، طرفداری کردن، حامی، طرفدار، وکیل مدافع)
ongoing (adjective)
/ˈɑnˌɡoʊɪŋ/ , /ˈɔnˌɡoʊɪŋ/
[usually before noun]
- continuing to exist or develop
*an ongoing debate/discussion/process
*The police investigation is ongoing.
*Training is part of our ongoing career development program.
