V9 Flashcards
compulsory (adjective) = mandatory & Opposite voluntary
/kəmˈpʌlsəri/
—
compulsorily ( adverb)
/kəmˈpʌlsərəli/
- that must be done because of a law or a rule
= mandatory
*It is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear helmets.
*English is a compulsory subject at this level.
Opposite voluntary
—
*Over 600 workers were compulsorily laid off.
humor (noun)
/ˈhyumər/
(Canadian English usually humour)
1- [uncountable] the quality in something that makes it funny or amusing; the ability to laugh at things that are amusing
*a story full of gentle humor
2- [countable, uncountable] (formal) the state of your feelings or mind at a particular time
*to be in the best of humors
3- [countable] (old use) one of the four liquids that were thought in the past to be in a person’s body and to influence health and character
suppose verb
/səˈpoʊz/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they suppose
he / she / it supposes
past simple supposed
-ing form supposing
1- [intransitive, transitive] to think or believe that something is true or possible (based on the knowledge that you have)
*Getting a good job isn’t as easy as you might suppose.
2- [transitive] to pretend that something is true; to imagine what would happen if something were true
* Suppose flights are full on that day—which other day could we go?
3- [intransitive, transitive] used to make a statement, request, or suggestion less direct or less strong
*I could take you in the car, I suppose (= but I don’t really want to).
specifically (adverb)
/spəˈsɪfɪkli/
1- in a detailed and exact way
*I specifically told you not to go near the water!
2- connected with or intended for one particular thing only
*liquid vitamins specifically designed for children.
3- used when you want to add more detailed and exact information
*The newspaper, or more specifically, the editor, was taken to court for publishing the photographs.
slogan (noun) =tag line
/ˈsloʊɡən/
-a word or phrase that is easy to remember, used for example by a political party or in advertising to attract people’s attention or to suggest an idea quickly
=tag line
*an advertising slogan
*a campaign slogan
explicit & implicit
explicit : صریح,واضح,اشکار
implicit : ضمنی,مجازی
imply (verb)
/ɪmˈplaɪ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they imply
he / she / it implies
past simple implied
-ing form implying
1- to suggest that something is true or that you feel or think something, without saying so directly
*Are you implying (that) I am wrong?
2- to make it seem likely that something is true or exists
= suggest
*The survey implies (that) more people are moving away than was thought.
3- imply something (of an idea, action, etc.) to make something necessary in order to be successful
= mean
*The project implies an enormous investment in training.
invoke (verb)
/ɪnˈvoʊk/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they invoke
he / she / it invokes
past simple invoked
-ing form invoking
1- invoke something (against somebody) to mention or use a law, rule, etc. as a reason for doing something
*It is unlikely that libel laws will be invoked.
2- invoke somebody/something to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for something
*She invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument.
3-invoke something to mention someone’s name to make people feel a particular thing or act in a particular way
*His name was invoked as a symbol of the revolution.
4- invoke somebody to make a request (for help) to someone, especially a god
5- invoke something to make someone have a particular feeling or imagine a particular scene
=evoke
*The opening paragraph invokes a vision of England in the early Middle Ages.
6-invoke something (computing) to begin to run a program, etc.
*This command will invoke the HELP system.
7- invoke somebody/something to make evil appear by using magic
appeal (verb)
/əˈpil/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they appeal
he / she / it appeals
past simple appealed
-ing form appealing
1- [intransitive] appeal (to somebody/something) (against something) to make a formal request to a court or to someone in authority for a judgment or a decision to be changed
*He said he would appeal after being found guilty on four counts of murder.
2- [intransitive] to attract or interest someone
*The prospect of a long wait in the rain did not appeal.
3-[intransitive] to make a serious and urgent request
*I am appealing for donations on behalf of the famine(قحطی) victims (= asking for money).
4- [intransitive] appeal (to something) to try to persuade someone to do something by suggesting that it is a fair, reasonable, or honest thing to do
*They needed to appeal to his sense of justice.
nutrition (noun)
/nuˈtrɪʃn/
[uncountable]
—
nutritional (adjective)
/nuˈtrɪʃənl/ (less frequent nutritive )
—
nutritionally (adverb)
/nuˈtrɪʃənəli/
- the process by which living things receive the food necessary for them to grow and be healthy
*advice on diet and nutrition
*to study food science and nutrition
(تغذیه)
—
*the nutritional value of milk(ارزش غذایی شیر)
—
*a nutritionally balanced menu(یک منوی غذایی متعادل)
domestic (adjective)
/dəˈmɛstɪk/
—
domestically (adverb)
/dəˈmɛstɪkli/
1-[usually before noun] of or inside a particular country; not foreign or international
*domestic affairs(امور)/politics
opposite foreign
2- [only before noun] used in the home; connected with the home or family
*domestic appliances
3- liking home life; enjoying or good at cooking, cleaning the house, etc.
*I’m not a very domestic sort of person.
*domestically produced goods
combination (noun)
/ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃn/
1- [countable] two or more things joined or mixed together to form a single unit
*His treatment was a combination of surgery, radiation, and drugs.
2- [uncountable] the act of joining or mixing together two or more things to form a single unit
*The firm is working on a new product in combination with several overseas partners.
3- [countable] a series of numbers or letters used to open a combination lock
*I can’t remember the combination
sector (noun)
/ˈsɛktər/
1- a part of an area of activity, especially of a country’s economy
*the manufacturing sector
*service-sector jobs (= in hotels, restaurants, etc.)
2- a part of a particular area, especially an area under military control
*each sector of the war zone
3- (geometry) a part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the center to the edge
(بخش,قطاع,قطاع دایره,ناحیه,محله)
alongside (preposition)
/əˌlɔŋˈsaɪd/
—
alongside (adverb)
1-next to or at the side of something or someone
*A police car pulled up alongside us.
*a lifeboat moored(لنگر انداخته است) alongside the yacht(قایق بادبانی)
2- together with or at the same time as something or someone
*Traditional beliefs still flourish alongside a modern urban lifestyle.
—
*Nick caught up with me and rode alongside.
to channel something
- to direct something into a particular place or situation
*Ditches were constructed to channel water away from the buildings
-channel something into something
* If she could only channel all that energy into something useful….
* A lot of money has been channelled into research in that particular field.
donation (noun)
/doʊˈneɪʃn/
[countable, uncountable]
—
donate (verb)
/ˈdoʊneɪt/ , /doʊˈneɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they donate
he / she / it donates
past simple donated
-ing form donating
- something that is given to a person or an organization such as a charity, in order to help them; the act of giving something in this way
*donation (to somebody/something) to make a donation to charity
*a generous/large/small donation
(اهدا)
—
1- donate something (to somebody/something) to give money, food, clothes, etc. to someone or something, especially a charity
*He donated thousands of dollars to charity.
2- donate something (to somebody/something) to allow doctors to remove blood or a body organ in order to help someone who needs it
*All donated blood is tested for HIV and other infections.
cougar (noun)
/ˈkuɡər/
(also mountain lion, panther, puma)
a large American wild animal of the cat family, with yellow-brown or grayish fur
(گربه وحشی پشمالو)
According to research
consultant (noun)
/kənˈsʌltnt/
- a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed to give advice about it to other people
*a management consultant - the President’s consultant on economic affairs(امور)
antacid (noun)
/æntˈæsɪd/
-a medicine that prevents or corrects acidity, especially in the stomach
آنتی اسید
descriptive (adjective)
/dɪˈskrɪptɪv/
—
descriptively (adverb)
1- saying what someone or something is like; describing something
*the descriptive passages in the novel
2- (linguistics) saying how language is actually used, without giving rules for how it should be used
Opposite prescriptive
توصیفی
frequently (adverb) &Opposite infrequently
/ˈfrikwəntli/
-often
*Buses run frequently between the city and the airport.
*some of the most frequently asked questions about the Internet
Opposite infrequently
associate (verb)-(noun)-(adj)
/əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt/ , /əˈsoʊsiˌeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they associate ,
he / she / it associates ,
past simple associated ,
-ing form associating
1- [transitive] associate somebody/something (with somebody/something) to make a connection between people or things in your mind
*I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood.
2- [intransitive] associate with somebody to spend time with someone, especially a person or people that someone else does not approve of
= mix
*I don’t like you associating with those people.
—
(n)
1- a person that you work with, do business with, or spend a lot of time with
*business associates
2- Associate (abbreviation Assoc.) an associate member
(adj)
1- (often in titles) of a lower rank, having fewer rights in a particular profession or organization
*associate membership in the club
2- joined to or connected with a profession or an organization
*an associate company in Japan
feminine (adjective)
/ˈfɛmənən/
1- having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of women; connected with women
*That dress makes you look very feminine.
2- (grammar) belonging to a class of words that refer to female people or animals and often have a special form
*Some people prefer not to use the feminine form “actress” and use the word “actor” for both sexes.
3-(grammar) (in some languages) belonging to a class of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that have femininegender not masculine or neuter
*The French word for “table” is feminine.
masculine (adjective)
/ˈmæskyələn/
1- having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of men; connected with or like men
*He was handsome and strong, and very masculine.
2- (grammar) belonging to a class of words that refer to male people or animals and often have a special form
*“He” and “him” are masculine pronouns.
3- (grammar) (in some languages) belonging to a class of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that have masculinegender, not feminine or neuter
*The French word for “sun” is masculine.
contain (verb)
/kənˈteɪn/
(not used in the progressive tenses)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they contain
he / she / it contains
past simple contained
1- contain something if something contains something else, it has that thing inside it or as part of it
*This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.
2- contain something to keep your feelings under control
= restrain (جلوگیری کردن از، نگهداشتن، مهار کردن)
*She was unable to contain her excitement.
3- contain something to prevent something harmful from spreading or getting worse
*to contain an epidemic
4- contain something (mathematics) to be able to be divided exactly by a number
*Ten contains five and two, but not three.
(شامل بودن,احاطه دشمن، در بر گرفتن، محتوی بودن، حاوی بودن، دارا بودن، در بر داشتن، خودداری کردن، بازداشتن)
corporation (noun)
/ˌkɔrpəˈreɪʃn/
1- (abbreviation Corp.) a large business company
*multinational corporations
2- an organization or a group of organizations that is recognized by law as a single unit
*urban development corporations
forth (adverb)
/fɔrθ/
(literary except in particular idioms and phrasal verbs)
1- away from a place; out
*They set forth at dawn.
2- toward a place; forward
*Water gushed forth from a hole in the rock.
(به جلو، به بعد)
principle (noun)
/ˈprɪnsəpl/
1- [countable, usually plural, uncountable] a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions
*He has high moral principles.
*I refuse to lie about it; it’s against my principles.
2- [countable] a law, a rule, or a theory that something is based on
*the principles and practice of writing reports
3- [countable] a belief that is accepted as a reason for acting or thinking in a particular way
*the principle that free education should be available for all children
4- [singular] a general or scientific law that explains how something works or why something happens
*the principle that heat rises
(اصل، اصول (در حالت جمع),مسلک، مرام اخلاقی)
burst (verb)-(noun)
/bərst/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they burst
he / she / it bursts
past simple burst
-ing form bursting
1- [intransitive, transitive] to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way
*That balloon will burst if you blow it up any more.
2- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to go or move somewhere suddenly with great force; to come from somewhere suddenly
*He burst into the room without knocking.
3- [intransitive] be bursting (with something) to be very full of something; to be very full and almost breaking open
*The roads are bursting with cars.
(ترکیدن,منفجر شدن، رگبار، ترکش، محل اصابت گلوله، ترکیدن، ازهم پاشیدن، شکفتن، منفجر کردن، انفجار، شیوع)
—
1- short period of a particular activity or strong emotion that often starts suddenly
*a sudden burst of activity/energy/anger/enthusiasm
2- an occasion when something bursts; the hole left where something has burst
*a burst in a water pipe
3- a short series of shots from a gun
*frequent bursts of machine-gun fire
grab (verb)-(noun)
/ɡræb/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they grab
he / she / it grabs
past simple grabbed
-ing form grabbing
1- [transitive, intransitive] to take or hold someone or something with your hand suddenly, firmly, or roughly
= seize
*grab (something) She grabbed the child’s hand and ran.
2- [intransitive] to try to take hold of something
* She grabbed at the branch, missed, and fell.
3- [transitive, intransitive] to take advantage of an opportunity to do or have something
= seize
* This was my big chance and I grabbed it with both hands.
4- [transitive] grab something to have or take something quickly, especially because you are in a hurry
*Let’s grab a sandwich before we go.
5- [transitive] grab something to take something for yourself without thinking about other people
*By the time we arrived, someone had grabbed all the good seats.
6- [transitive] grab somebody/something to get someone’s attention
*I’ll see if I can grab the waitress and get the bill.
—
1- [usually singular] grab (at/for somebody/something) a sudden attempt to take or hold someone or something
*He made a grab for her bag.
2- grab (for something) an act of taking something quickly, unfairly, and usually by force
*The company made a land grab for the waterfront property.
3- (computing) a picture taken from a television or video film, stored as an image on a computer
*a screen grab from Wednesday’s program
4- a piece of equipment that lifts and holds goods, for example the equipment that hangs from a crane
ingredient (noun)
/ɪnˈɡridiənt/
ingredient (of/in/for something)
1- one of the things from which something is made, especially one of the foods that are used together to make a particular dish
*Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries.
2- one of the things or qualities that are necessary to make something successful
*the essential ingredients for success
(ماده اولیه غذا، هر یک از اجزای تشکیل دهنده چیزی,جزء ترکیبی، (در جمع) اجزاء، ذرات، داخل شونده، عوامل، عناصر)
accuracy (noun) & Opposite inaccuracy
/ˈækyərəsi/
[uncountable]
- the state of being exact or correct; the ability to do something skillfully without making mistakes
*They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
*Candidates are judged on technical accuracy as well as artistic expression.
*She hits the ball with great accuracy.
Opposite inaccuracy
(دقت، دقت و صحت، درجه دقت، درستی)
yawn (verb)-(noun)
/yɔn/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they yawn
he / she / it yawns
past simple yawned
-ing form yawning
1- [intransitive] to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply through it, usually because you are tired or bored
*He stood up, stretched and yawned.
2- [intransitive] (of a large hole or an empty space) to be very wide and often frightening and difficult to get across
= gape
*A crevasse yawned at their feet.
domesticate (verb)
/dəˈmɛstəˌkeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they domesticate
he / she / it domesticates
past simple domesticated
-ing form domesticating
—
domesticated (adjective)
—
domestication (noun [uncountable])
/dəˌmɛstəˈkeɪʃn/
1- domesticate something to make a wild animal used to living with or working for humans
2- domesticate something to grow plants or crops for human use
= cultivate (زراعت کردن)
3- domesticate somebody (often humorous) to make someone good at cooking, caring for a house, etc.; to make someone enjoy home life
*Some men are very hard to domesticate.
(اهلی کردن، رام کردن)
—
(adj)
*domesticated animals
*They’ve become a lot more domesticated since they got married.
—
*the domestication of cattle
administer (verb)
/ədˈmɪnəstər/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they administer
he / she / it administers
past simple administered
-ing form administering
—
administrator (noun)
/ədˈmɪnəˌstreɪt̮ər/
—
administration (noun)
/ədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃn/
—
1- [often passive] administer something to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.
= manage
*to administer a charity/fund/school
2- administer something to make sure that something is done fairly and in the correct way
*to administer justice/the law
3- administer something (to somebody) (formal) to give or to provide something, especially in a formal way
*The teacher has the authority to administer punishment.
4- [often passive] (formal) to give drugs, medicine, etc. to someone
* Police believe his wife could not have administered the poison.
5- administer a kick, a punch, etc. (to somebody/something) (formal) to kick or to hit someone or something
*He administered a severe blow to his opponent’s head.
(اداره کردن,انجام دادن، رتق و فتق کردن، تقسیم کردن، تهیه کردن، اجرا کردن، توزیع کردن، تصفیه کردن، نظارت کردن، رهبری کردن)
—
-a person whose job is to manage and organize the public or business affairs of a company or an institution
*a hospital administrator
—
1- (the) Administration [countable, singular] the government of a country under a particular leader
*the Obama administration
2- the administration [countable, singular] the people who plan, organize, and run a business, an institution, etc.
*the hospital/university administration
3- (informal admin) [uncountable] the activities that are done in order to plan, organize, and run a business, school, or other institution
*Administration costs are passed on to the customer.
4- [uncountable] the process or act of organizing the way that something is done
*the administration of justice
5- [uncountable] (formal) the act of giving a drug to someone
the administration of antibiotics
(مدیریت، اداره,اداره امور یگانها، اداره کردن، اجرا کردن، اداره کل، حکومت، اجرا، الغاء، سوگند دادن)
—
debate (verb)-(noun)
/dɪˈbeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they debate
he / she / it debates
past simple debated
-ing form debating
—
1- [transitive, intransitive] to discuss something, especially formally, before making a decision or finding a solution
= discuss
*Politicians will be debating the bill later this week.
2- [intransitive, transitive] to think carefully about something before making a decision
* She debated with herself for a while, and then picked up the phone.
—
1- debate (on/about/over something) an argument or discussion expressing different opinions
*a heated/wide-ranging/lively debate
2- a formal discussion of an issue at a public meeting or in government. In a debate, two or more speakers express opposing views and then there is often a vote on the issue
*a debate on abortion
(مناظره,مناقشه، بحث، مذاکرات پارلمانی، منازعه، مناظره کردن، مباحثه کردن)
commence (verb)
/kəˈmɛns/
[intransitive, transitive] (formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they commence
he / she / it commences
past simple commenced
-ing form commencing
- to begin to happen; to begin something
*The negotiations are scheduled to commence at noon.
*I will be on leave during the week commencing February 15th.
*The day commenced with a welcome from the principal.
(شروع کردن، آغاز شدن (رسمی))
advocate (verb)-(noun)
/ˈædvəˌkeɪt/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they advocate
he / she / it advocates
past simple advocated
-ing form advocating
- to support something publicly
- The group does not advocate the use of violence.
- ## Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior.1- a person who supports or speaks in favor of someone or of a public plan or action
*an advocate for hospital workers
2- a person who defends someone in court
(حامی,دفاع کردن، طرفداری کردن، حامی، طرفدار، وکیل مدافع)
ongoing (adjective)
/ˈɑnˌɡoʊɪŋ/ , /ˈɔnˌɡoʊɪŋ/
[usually before noun]
- continuing to exist or develop
*an ongoing debate/discussion/process
*The police investigation is ongoing.
*Training is part of our ongoing career development program.
capitalize (verb)
/ˈkæpət̮lˌaɪz/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they capitalize
he / she / it capitalizes
past simple capitalized
-ing form capitalizing
—
capitalization (noun [uncountable, singular])
/ˌkæpət̮l̩əˈzeɪʃn/
1- capitalize something to write or print a letter of the alphabet as a capital; to begin a word with a capital letter
*All capitalized words are explained in the glossary.
2- capitalize something (business) to sell possessions in order to change them into money
3- [usually passive] capitalize something (business) to provide a company etc. with the money it needs to function
(تبدیل بسرمایه کردن، باحروف درشت نوشتن، سرمایه جمع کردن)
acquisition (noun)
/ˌækwəˈzɪʃn/
1- [uncountable] the act of getting something, especially knowledge, a skill, etc.
theories of child language acquisition
2- [countable] something that someone buys to add to what they already own, usually something valuable
*His latest acquisition is a racehorse.
3-[countable, uncountable] (business) a company, piece of land, etc. bought by someone, especially another company; the act of buying it
*They have made acquisitions in several southern states.
(تملک,کشف، تحصیل، تملک، فراگیری، اکتساب، استفاده، مالکیت)
remarkable (adjective) & Opposite unremarkable
/rɪˈmɑrkəbl/
—
remarkably (adverb)
/rɪˈmɑrkəbli/
- unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice
= astonishing (حیرت انگیز)
*a remarkable achievement/career/talent
innate (adjective)
/ɪˈneɪt/
—
innately ( adverb)
- (of a quality, feeling, etc.) that you have when you are born
= inborn
*the innate ability to learn
*He never lost his innate sense of fun.
(ذاتی، فطری، جبلی، مادرزاد، طبیعی، لاینفک، اصلی، داخلی، درونی، چسبنده)
—
*He believes that humans are innately violent.
*Racism is the belief that one race is innately superior to another.
absorb (verb)
/əbˈsɔrb/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they absorb ,
he / she / it absorbs ,
past simple absorbed ,
-ing form absorbing
1- to take in a liquid, gas, or other substance from the surface or space around
*Plants absorb oxygen.
2- [often passive] to make something smaller become part of something larger
* The country simply cannot absorb this influx of refugees.
3- absorb something to take something into the mind and learn or understand it
= take in
*It’s a lot of information to absorb all at once.
4- absorb somebody to interest someone very much so that they pay no attention to anything else
=engross
*This work had absorbed him for several years.
5- absorb something to take in and keep heat, light, energy, etc. instead of reflecting it
*Black walls absorb a lot of heat during the day.
6- absorb something to reduce the effect of a blow, hit, etc.
*This tennis racket absorbs shock on impact.
7- absorb something to use up a large supply of something, especially money or time
*The new proposals would absorb $80 billion of the federal budget.
8- absorb something to deal with changes, effects, costs, etc.
*The company is unable to absorb such huge losses.
(جذب کردن، درکشیدن، درآشامیدن، یاد گرفتن و فهمیدن، فراگرفتن)
particularly (adverb)
/pərˈtɪkyələrli/
- especially; more than usual or more than others
*particularly good/important/useful
*Traffic is bad, particularly downtown.
(به ویژه، علی الخصوص,مخصوصا، جزء به جزء)
furthermore (adverb)
/ˈfərðərˌmɔr/
(formal)
- in addition to what has just been stated. Furthermore is used especially to add a point to an argument.
= moreover
*He said he had not discussed the matter with her. Furthermore, he had not even contacted her.
excel (verb)
/ɪkˈsɛl/
[intransitive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they excel
he / she / it excels
past simple excelled
-ing form excelling
-to be very good at doing something
*excel (in/at something) She has always excelled in foreign languages.
*As a child he excelled at music and art.
*excel (at doing something) The Badgers excel at generating turnovers.
(برتری داشتن,بهتربودن، تفوق جستن، عملکرد خوبی داشتن)
collaboration (noun)
/kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/
1- [uncountable, countable] the act of working with another person or group of people to create or produce something
*It was a collaboration that produced extremely useful results.
2- [countable] a piece of work produced by two or more people or groups working together
3- [uncountable] (disapproving) the act of helping the enemy during a war when they have taken control of your country
(همکاری، همدستی)
pursuit (noun)
/pərˈsut/
1- [uncountable] pursuit of something the act of looking for or trying to find something
*the pursuit of happiness/knowledge/profit
2- [uncountable] the act of following or chasing someone
We drove away with two police cars in pursuit (= following).
3- [countable, usually plural] an activity that you do regularly, often for pleasure
= hobby, pastime
*outdoor/leisure/artistic pursuits
(پیگرد,تعاقب کردن، تعقیب، تعاقب، حرفه، پیشه، دنبال، پیگیری)
admittedly (adverb)
/ədˈmɪt̮ədli/
- used, especially at the beginning of a sentence, when you are accepting that something is true
*Admittedly, it is pretty expensive, but you don’t need to use much.
*Admittedly, Venice wasn’t a very big place, but there was little chance of meeting her again accidentally.
(در حقیقت، مسلما)
overburden (verb)
/ˌoʊvərˈbərdn/
[usually passive] overburden somebody/something (with something)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they overburden
he / she / it overburdens
past simple overburdened
-ing form overburdening
- to give someone or something more work, worry, etc. than they can deal with
*He did not appear to be overburdened with guilt.
contend (verb)
/kənˈtɛnd/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they contend
he / she / it contends
past simple contended
-ing form contending
1- [transitive] contend that… (formal) to say that something is true, especially in an argument
= maintain
*I would contend that the senator’s thinking is flawed on this point.
2- [intransitive] contend (for something) to compete against someone in order to gain something
*Three armed groups were contending for power.
(ستیزه کردن، مخالفت کردن، رقابت کردن، ادعا کردن)
unfounded (adjective)
/ʌnˈfaʊndəd/
- not based on reason or fact
*unfounded allegations/rumors, etc.
*Speculation about a divorce proved totally unfounded.
(بی اساس، بی پایه، بی اصل)
foster (verb)-(adjective)
/ˈfɔstər/ , /ˈfɑstər/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they foster ,
he / she / it fosters ,
past simple fostered ,
-ing form fostering
1- foster something to encourage something to develop
= encourage, promote (توسعه دادن، بالا بردن، ترفیع دادن)
*The organization’s aim is to foster better relations within the community.
2- foster somebody to take another person’s child into your home for a period of time, without becoming his or her legal parents
*They have fostered over 60 children during the past ten years.
(پرورش دادن، کمک کردن,غذا دادن، شیر دادن، پرستار، دایه، رضاعی، نسل)
—
-used with some nouns in connection with the fostering of a child
*a foster mother/father/family
*foster parents
firmly (adverb)
/ˈfərmli/
- in a strong or definite way
*“I can manage,” she said firmly.
*It is now firmly established as one of the leading brands in the country.
*Keep your eyes firmly fixed on the road ahead.
substantial (adjective)
/səbˈstænʃl/
1- large in amount, value, or importance
= considerable
*substantial sums of money
2- [usually before noun] (formal) large and solid; strongly built
*a substantial house
*a street of substantial Victorian rowhouses
capability (noun)
/ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlət̮i/
(pl. capabilities) [countable, uncountable]
1- capability (to do something/of doing something) the ability or qualities necessary to do something
*Animals in the zoo have lost the capability to catch/of catching food for themselves.
2- the power or weapons that a country has for war or for military action
*The U.S.’s nuclear/military capability
(توانایی,صلاحیت، قابلیت، قدرت، استعداد پیشرفت)
empower (verb)
/ɪmˈpaʊər/
[often passive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they empower
he / she / it empowers
past simple empowered
-ing form empowering
—
empowerment (noun [uncountable])
1- empower somebody (to do something) (formal) to give someone the power or authority to do something
= authorize
*The courts were empowered to impose the death sentence for certain crimes.
2- empower somebody (to do something) to give someone more control over their own life or the situation they are in
*The movement actively empowered women and gave them confidence in themselves.
(قدرت دادن,صاحب اختیار و قدرت کردن، اختیار دادن، وکالت دادن)
—
*the empowerment of the individual
thrive (verb)
/θraɪv/
[intransitive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they thrive
he / she / it thrives
past simple thrived
-ing form thriving
- to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc.
= flourish (پر رونق شدن، رشد کردن)
*New businesses thrive in this area.
*These animals rarely thrive in captivity.
(پر رونق شدن، رشد کردن, پیشرفت کردن، رونق یافتن، کامیاب شدن)
multilingual (adjective)
/ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋɡwəl/
1- speaking or using several different languages
*multilingual translators/communities/societies
2- written or printed in several different languages
*a multilingual phrase book
ruin (verb)
/ˈruɪn/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they ruin
he / she / it ruins
past simple ruined
-ing form ruining
—
ruined (adjective)
/ˈruɪnd/
[only before noun]
1- ruin something to damage something so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.; to spoil something
= wreck /rek/
*The bad weather ruined our trip.
2- ruin somebody/something to make someone or something lose all their money, their position, etc.
*If she loses the court case it will ruin her.
—
-(of a building, town, etc.) destroyed or severely damaged so that only parts remain
*a ruined castle
crew (noun)
/kru/
1- [countable] all the people working on a ship, plane, etc.
*None of the passengers and crew were injured.
2- [countable] all the people working on a ship, plane, etc. except the officers who are in charge
*the officers and crew
3-[countable] a group of people with special skills working together
*a film/camera crew
4- [singular] (usually disapproving) a group of people
*The people she invited were a pretty motley crew (= a strange mix of types of people).
5- [countable] a team of people who row boats in races
*a member of the German crew
6- [uncountable] the sport of rowing with other people in a boat
*I’m thinking of going out for crew this semester (= joining the rowing team).
ambiguous (adjective) & Opposite unambiguous
/ˌæmˈbɪɡyuəs/
—
ambiguously (adverb)
1- that can be understood in more than one way; having different meanings
*an ambiguous word/term/statement
2- not clearly stated or defined
*His role has always been ambiguous.
(مبهم,با ابهام، تاریک (از لحاظ مفهوم)، دوپهلو)
—
*an ambiguously worded agreement
blame (verb)
/bleɪm/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they blame
he / she / it blames
past simple blamed
-ing form blaming
—
blame (noun)
/bleɪm/
[uncountable] blame (for something)
- to think or say that someone or something is responsible for something bad
- She doesn’t blame anyone for her father’s death.
*A dropped cigarette is being blamed for the fire.
—
-responsibility for doing something badly or wrongly; saying that someone is responsible for something
*to lay/place/put the blame for something on someone
physician (noun)
/fəˈzɪʃn/
-a doctor, especially one who is a specialist in general medicine and not surgery
differentiate (verb)
/ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃiˌeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they differentiate
he / she / it differentiates
past simple differentiated
-ing form differentiating
—
differentiation (noun [uncountable])
/ˌdɪfəˌrɛnʃiˈeɪʃn/
1- [intransitive, transitive] to recognize or show that two things are not the same
= distinguish
* It’s difficult to differentiate between the two varieties.
2- [transitive] differentiate something (from something) to be the particular thing that shows that things or people are not the same
= distinguish (تمایز دادن)
*The male’s yellow beak differentiates it from the female.
3- [intransitive] differentiate between A and B to treat people or things in a different way, especially in an unfair way
= discriminate (تبعیض قائل شدن)
(تفاوت قائل شدن,دیفرانسیل گرفتن، تمیز دادن، متمایز کردن، مشتق گرفتن، فرق گذاشتن، فرق قائل شدن)
integral (adjective)
/ˈɪntəɡrəl/
—
integrally (adverb)
1- being an essential part of something
*Music is an integral part of the school’s curriculum(برنامه آموزشی).
2- [usually before noun] included as part of something, rather than supplied separately
*All models have an integral CD player.
3- [usually before noun] having all the parts that are necessary for something to be complete
*an integral system
(ضروری، انتگرال,جدایی ناپذیر، درست، صحیح، بی کسر، کامل، تمام)
in the first instance (formal)
- for example
*What would you do, for instance, if you found a member of staff stealing?
—
-as the first part of a series of actions
*In the first instance, notify the police and then contact your insurance company.
conservative (adjective)
/kənˈsərvət̮ɪv/
—
conservatively (adverb)
1- opposed to great or sudden social change; showing that you prefer traditional styles and values
*the conservative views of his parents.
2- (of an estimate) lower than what is probably the real amount or number
*At a conservative estimate(ارزیابی کردن), he’ll be earning $50,000.
3- (Canadian English) connected with the Conservative Party, a political party in Canada
(محافظه کار,پیرو سنت قدیم)
whereby (adverb)
/wɛrˈbaɪ/
(formal)
-by which; because of which
*They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.
(به وسیله آن,نظر به اینکه، که به وسیله آن، که بموجب آن، به چه وسیله)
affectionate (adjective)
/əˈfɛkʃənət/
—
affectionately (adverb)
-showing caring feelings and love for someone
= loving
*He is very affectionate toward his children.
*an affectionate kiss
(مهربان، با محبت,خونگرم، دوستدار، مهر آمیز، محبت آمیز)
—
*William was affectionately known as Billy.
almost always
chairman (noun)
/ˈtʃɛrmən/
(pl. chairmen /ˈtʃɛrmən/ )
—
chairwoman (noun)
/ˈtʃɛrˌwʊmən/
(pl. chairwomen /ˈtʃɛrˌwɪmən/ )
1- (also chair) the person in charge of a meeting, who tells people when they can speak, etc.
2- the person in charge of a committee, a company, etc.
*the chairman of the board of directors
(رئیس,رئیس جلسه، مدیر، فرنشین، ریاست کردن، اداره کردن)
—
chief (noun)
/tʃif/
—
chief (adjective)
/tʃif/
[only before noun]
1- a person with a high rank or the highest rank in a company or an organization
*army/industry/police chiefs
2- (often as a title) a leader or ruler of a people or community
*Chief Buthelezi
—
1- most important
*the chief cause/problem/reason
*one of the President’s chief rivals
2- Chief highest in rank
*the Chief Education Officer
3- -in-chief (in nouns) of the highest rank
*commander-in-chief
(رئیس,سر، پیشرو، قائد، سالار، فرمانده، عمده، مهم)
principal (adjective)
/ˈprɪnsəpl/
[only before noun]
- most important; main
*The principal reason for this omission(از قلم افتادگی، حذف،غفلت ) is lack of time.
*New roads will link the principal cities of the area.
somewhat (adverb)
/ˈsʌmwʌt/
- to some degree
*I was somewhat surprised to see him.
*The situation has changed somewhat since we last met.
*What happened to them remains somewhat of a mystery.
(تا اندازه ای,قدری، مقدار نامعلومی، تاحدی، مختصری)
governor (noun)
/ˈɡʌvənər/
1- Governor a person who is chosen to be in charge of the government of a state in the U.S.
*the governor of Arizona
2- Governor a person who is the official head of a country or region that is governed by another country
*the former(سابق) governor of the colony
convene (verb)
/kənˈvin/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they convene
he / she / it convenes
past simple convened
-ing form convening
1- [transitive] convene something to arrange for people to come together for a formal meeting
*to convene a meeting
2- [intransitive] to come together for a formal meeting
*The committee will officially convene at 11:30 next Thursday.
(گرد امدن، دورهم جمع شدن، جمع کردن، تشکیل جلسه دادن، هم ایش کردن)
acquire (verb)
/əˈkwaɪər/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they acquire
he / she / it acquires
past simple acquired
-ing form acquiring
1- acquire something to obtain something by buying or being given it
*The company has just acquired new premises.
2- acquire something to gain something by your own efforts, ability, or behavior
*She has acquired a good knowledge of English.
(بدست آوردن، گرفتن,تعیین، حاصل کردن، اندوختن، پیداکردن)
inheritance (noun)
/ɪnˈhɛrət̮əns/
1- [countable, usually singular, uncountable] the money, property, etc. that you receive from someone when they die; the fact of receiving something when someone dies
*She spent all her inheritance in a year.
2- [uncountable, countable] something from the past or from your family that affects the way you behave, look, etc.
*our cultural inheritance
(ارثیه، ارث)
emperor (noun)
/ˈɛmpərər/
- the ruler of an empire
*the Roman emperors
*the Emperor Napoleon
(امپراتور، فرمان فرما)
analogous (adjective)
/əˈnæləɡəs/
(formal) analogous (to/with something)
- similar in some way to another thing or situation and therefore able to be compared with it
*Sleep has often been thought of as being in some way analogous to death.
*The two processes are not analogous.
(مانند، قابل مقایسه، قابل قیاس، مشابه، متشابه)
tribe (noun)
/traɪb/
1- (sometimes offensive) a group of people consisting of families that are related to each other and who have the same customs, language, religion, etc., and often live in a particular area
*tribes living in remote areas of the Amazonian rainforest
2- (usually disapproving) a group or class of people, especially of one profession
*He had a sudden outburst against the whole tribe of actors.
3-(biology) a group of related animals or plants
*a tribe of cats
4- (informal or humorous) a large number of people
*One or two of the grandchildren will be there, but not the whole tribe.
(قبیله,تبار، طایفه، ایل، عشیره، (درجمع) قبایل)
clan (noun)
/klæn/
1- a group of families who are related to each other, especially in Scotland
*the Macleod clan
*clan warfare
2- (informal) (sometimes humorous) a very large family, or a group of people who are connected because of a particular thing
*one of a growing clan of stars who have left Hollywood
(خاندان، خانواده، طایفه، قبیله، دسته)
constitute (verb)
/ˈkɑnstəˌtut/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they constitute
he / she / it constitutes
past simple constituted
-ing form constituting
1- linking verb + noun (not used in the progressive tenses) to be considered to be something
*Does such an activity constitute a criminal offense(جرم، جنایت)?
2- linking verb + noun (not used in the progressive tenses) to be the parts that together form something
= make something—up
*Female workers constitute the majority of the labor force.
(تشکیل دادن,تاسیس کردن، ترکیب کردن، علوم نظامی: بنیاد نهادن)
Highness (noun)
/ˈhaɪnəs/
His/Her/Your Highness
- a title of respect used when talking to or about a member of the royal family
*Yes, Your Highness.
(بلندی مقام)
virtually (adverb)
/ˈvərtʃuəli/
1- almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important
*to be virtually impossible
2- (computing) by the use of computer software that makes something appear to exist; using virtual reality technology
(تقریبا)
substantially (adverb) = considerably
/səbˈstænʃəli/
1- very much; a lot
= considerably
*The costs have increased substantially.
2- (formal) mainly; in most details, even if not completely
*What she says is substantially true.
(به شکل قابل توجهی,اساسا، در اساس، در واقع)
frequently (adverb) & Opposite infrequently
/ˈfrikwəntli/
—
frequent (adjective) & Opposite infrequent
/ˈfrikwənt/
- often
*Buses run frequently between the city and the airport.
*some of the most frequently asked questions about the Internet
Opposite infrequently
—
-happening or doing something often
*He is a frequent visitor to this country.
Opposite infrequent
cultivation (noun)
/ˌkʌltəˈveɪʃn/
[uncountable]
1- the preparation and use of land for growing plants or crops
*fertile land that is under cultivation (= being cultivated)
*rice/wheat, etc. cultivation
2- the deliberate development of a particular relationship, quality or skill
*the cultivation of a good relationship with local firms
(پرورش، کشت، زراعت، تربیت، تهذیب، ترویج)
enhance (verb)
/ɪnˈhæns/
enhance something
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they enhance
he / she / it enhances
past simple enhanced
-ing form enhancing
—
enhanced (adjective)
—
enhancement (noun [uncountable, countable])
- to increase or further improve the good quality, value, or status of someone or something
*This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company.
(افزایش دادن، بهبود دادن,کمک کردن، تسهیل کردن، بالابردن، افزودن، زیادکردن، بلندکردن)
—
*enhanced efficiency
—
*equipment for the enhancement of sound quality.
harvest (noun)
/ˈhɑrvəst/
1- [countable, uncountable] the time of year when the crops are gathered in on a farm, etc.; the act of cutting and gathering crops
*harvest time
2- [countable] the crops, or the amount of crops, cut and gathered
*the grain harvest
(محصول، برداشت کردن,هنگام درو، وقت خرمن، نتیجه، حاصل، درو کردن و برداشتن)
account for (phrasal verb) = explain
account for something
1- to be the explanation or cause of something
= explain
*The bad weather may have accounted for the small crowd.
2- to give an explanation of something
= explain
*How do you account for the show’s success?
3- to be a particular amount or part of something
*The Japanese market accounts for 35% of the company’s revenue.
—
account for somebody/something
1- to know where someone or something is or what has happened to them, especially after an accident
*All passengers have now been accounted for.
2- (informal) to defeat or destroy someone or something
*Our antiaircraft guns accounted for five enemy bombers.
—
account for something (to somebody)
-to give a record of how the money in your care has been spent
*We have to account for every penny we spend on business trips.
maintain (verb) = insist , = keep
/meɪnˈteɪn/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they maintain
he / she / it maintains
past simple maintained
-ing form maintaining
1- maintain something to make something continue at the same level, standard, etc.
= preserve
*to maintain law and order/standards/a balance.
2- maintain something to keep a building, a machine, etc. in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly
*The house is large and difficult to maintain.
3- to keep stating that something is true, even though other people do not agree or do not believe it
= insist
* The men maintained (that) they were out of the country when the crime was committed.
4- maintain somebody/something to support someone or something over a long period of time by giving money, paying for food, etc.
= keep
*Her income was barely enough to maintain one child, let alone three.
(نگهداری کردن,پشتیبانی کردن، ابقا کردن، ادامه دادن، حمایت کردن، مدعی بودن، نگهداشتن، برقرار داشتن)
associate (verb) & Opposite dissociate
/əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt/ , /əˈsoʊsiˌeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they associate ,
he / she / it associates ,
past simple associated ,
-ing form associating
1- [transitive] associate somebody/something (with somebody/something) to make a connection between people or things in your mind
*I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood.
2- [intransitive] associate with somebody to spend time with someone, especially a person or people that someone else does not approve of
= mix
*I don’t like you associating with those people.
3- [transitive] associate yourself with something (formal) to show that you support or agree with something
*May I associate myself with the president’s remarks? (= I agree with them)
*I have never associated myself with political extremism.
Opposite dissociate
(ارتباط دادن,متحد، شریک شدن، هم پیوند، همبسته، وابسته کردن، آمیزش کردن، معاشرت کردن)
confirmed (adjective)
/kənˈfərmd/
[only before noun]
- having a particular habit or way of life and not likely to change
*a confirmed bachelor (= a man who is not likely to get married, *sometimes used in newspapers to refer to a homosexual man)
*This chocolate dessert is the ultimate dish for confirmed chocaholics.
(محرز، مسجل، مسلم، برقرار، تایید شده)
plain (adjective)
/pleɪn/
(plainer, plainest)
—
plainness (noun [uncountable])
/ˈpleɪnnəs/
1-easy to see or understand
= clear
*He made it plain that we should leave.
2- not trying to trick anyone; honest and direct
*The plain fact is that nobody really knows.
3- not decorated or complicated; simple
*a plain but elegant dress
4- without marks or a pattern on it
*curtains in plain or printed cotton
5- [only before noun] used to emphasize that something is very ordinary, not special in any way
= everyday
*You don’t need any special skills for this job, just plain common sense.
6- (especially of a woman) not beautiful or attractive
7- describing a simple stitch used in knitting
(ساده، هموار؛ (پیراهن) ساده و بدون طرح,صاف، برابر، واضح، آشکار، رک و ساده، جلگه، دشت، هامون، میدان یا محوطه جنگ، بدقیافه، شکوه کردن، لباس غیرنظامی)
cuisine (noun)
/kwɪˈzin/
[uncountable, countable] (from French)
1- a style of cooking
*Italian cuisine
2- the food served in a restaurant (usually an expensive one)
*The hotel restaurant is noted for its excellent cuisine.
contribution (noun)
/ˌkɑntrəˈbyuʃn/
1- [countable] a sum of money that is given to a person or an organization in order to help pay for something
= donation
*a generous contribution
2- [countable] contribution (to something) a sum of money that you pay regularly, often to your employer or the government, for benefits such as health insurance, a retirement plan, etc.
*monthly contributions to the retirement account
3- [countable, usually singular] an action or a service that helps to cause or increase something
* He made a very positive contribution to the success of the project.
4- [countable] contribution (to something) an item that forms part of a book, magazine, broadcast, discussion, etc.
*All contributions for the May issue must be received by Friday.
5- [uncountable] contribution (to something) the act of giving something, especially money, to help a person or an organization
(کمک,مشارکت، سهمیه، سهم، اعانه، هم بخشی، همکاری و کمک)
