Urinary System Pathology 1 Flashcards
What is the most common cause of UTI?
Escherichia coli
Which urease-producing bacteria is often associated with UTI, especially after catheterization?
Proteus. Urease hydrolyzes urea into ammonium carbonate. Bacteria produce this to neutralize the acidic environment that’s detrimental for their survival.
Ureaplasma urealyticum causes what kind of infection?
Non-gonococcal urethritis
What are the signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?
(1) Perinephric abscesses
(2) White blood cell casts in urine
(3) Urinary pain, frequency, urgency
What are the characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?
(1) Loss of negative charge on glomerular basement membranes causing proteinuria
(2) Generalized edema
(3) Hyperlipidemia
(4) Hypercholesterolemia
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Nephritic syndrome is also known by what other name?
Acute glomerulonephritis
How does nephritic syndrome manifest?
Inflammatory rupture of glomerular capillaries and bleeding, causing hematuria
Chronic glomerulonephritis may lead to what conditions?
Chronic renal failure
End-stage renal disease
What is the next stage of progression with acute renal failure?
The patient may die; does not usually progress to chronic renal failure
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure?
(1) Azotemia
(2) Metabolic acidosis
(3) Hyperkalemia
(4) Increased blood volume and hypertension
(5) Hypocalcemia
(6) Anemia
Kidneys play a vital role in controlling the levels of all of these elements.
What causes tubulointerstitial nephritis?
Damage to collecting tubules and interstitium of the kidneys from drugs or toxins
What are the most common types of kidney stones?
Calcium oxalate
Calcium phosphate
Uric acid
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
Cystine
What types of stones fill the entire renal pelvis?
Staghorn calculi
Nephroblastoma is associated with what genetic defect?
Chromosomal deletions
