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Part 1 > Endocrine System Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do we call a chemical substance released by an endocrine gland into the blood in which it travels to another site in the body where it exerts its effect?

A

A hormone. Endocrine hormones are released directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine hormones are released into ducts to travel to the target tissue. Paracrine hormones act on cells within the vicinity of the secreting cell. Juxtacrine hormones act on neighboring cells. Autocrine hormones act on cells that produce the hormone.

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2
Q

What is the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland?

A

An endocrine gland secretes substances into the bloodstream without the use of a duct. An exocrine gland uses a duct to secretes substances to a place that is external from where it resides.

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3
Q

What is an example of an exocrine gland?

A

Some examples are mammary glands, sweat glands, the pancreas, the liver, or salivary glands.

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4
Q

What is an example of an endocrine gland?

A

Some examples are the ovaries, the testes, or the adrenal glands

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5
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

(1) Derived from amino acids

(2) Protein or peptide based

(3) Steroids

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6
Q

What amino acid serves as the starting point of most of the amino acid derived hormones?

A

Tyrosine

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7
Q

What 2 organs release tyrosine based hormones?

A

(1) Thyroid gland –> thyroxine

(2) Adrenal medulla –> Epi and Norepi

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8
Q

What type of receptor when bound to hormone causes an increase in cAMP?

A

Plasmalemma receptors

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9
Q

cAMP is an example of what?

A

Second messenger

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10
Q

What is the effect of an increase in cAMP?

A

It causes an increase in cytosolic calcium

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11
Q

What substances use plasmalemma receptors?

A

Polypeptide hormones like Norepi and Epi

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12
Q

What receptors use cytoplasmic receptors?

A

Steroids

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13
Q

How do steroids interact with the cytoplasmic receptor?

A

They bind to the receptor and the whole complex binds to DNA and induces gene expression to produce new proteins

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14
Q

What substances use nuclear receptors?

A

T3 and T4

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15
Q

What is the effect of T3 binding to a nuclear receptor?

A

Increased transcription and increased translation (production of proteins)

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16
Q

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and prolactin come from where?

A

Anterior pituitary

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17
Q

How is the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary connected?

A

Via portal vessels

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18
Q

What gland is controlled by hypothalamic releasing substances?

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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19
Q

What gland is controlled by nerve signals from the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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20
Q

What stimulates growth of ovum and sperm?

A

FSH

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21
Q

What stimulates the maturation and release of ovum?

A

LH

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22
Q

What stimulates the liver to release somatomedins?

A

Growth hormone

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23
Q

What promotes protein synthesis and uptake of various amino acids?

A

Growth hormone

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24
Q

What promotes increased use of fats, release of fatty acids, decreased use of carbohydrates and increased beta oxidation?

A

Growth hormone

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25
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin released from?

A

Posterior pituitary

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26
Q

What stimulates the release of GH from the Anterior pituitary?

A

GHRH

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27
Q

What stimulates the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus?

A

Stress: malnutrition (especially protein), hypoglycemia, exercise, physical/mental trauma

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28
Q

How does the hypothalamus affect posterior pituitary?

A

Hormones are produced by hypothalamus and are transported down nerve endings to the posterior pituitary

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29
Q

What is target tissue for ADH?

A

Kidney collecting ducts. Collecting ducts contain lots of aquaporins and thus are highly permeable to water.

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30
Q

What is main stimulus for release of ADH?

A

Increased blood osmolarity sensed by hypothalamus

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31
Q

What mineral is important for synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

32
Q

What is the active form of thyroid hormone?

A

T3 aka triiodothyroxine. T4 is the inactive form.

33
Q

In what form is most of the thyroid hormone in the body?

A

T4/thyroxine

34
Q

How is thyroxin transported in blood?

A

It is bound to thyroxin binding globulin, prealbumin, or albumin

35
Q

What stimulates release of TRH?

A

Cold, emotional reactions, increased calories

36
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

A

To maintain basal metabolic rate

37
Q

How does thyroid hormone maintain basal metabolic rate?

A

By increased activity of Na+/K+ ATPase pump

38
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on the body?

A

Decreases blood calcium levels

39
Q

How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium?

A

Decreased activity of Ca2+ pump

Increased osteoblastic activity –> bone formation

Decreased osteoclastic activity –> less bone turnover

40
Q

Where is calcitonin released?

A

Thyroid gland, C cells

41
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increased calcium levels in the blood. Versus calcitonin decrease calcium levels in blood

42
Q

How does PTH increase calcium levels in the blood?

A

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium (with Vit. D3)

Increased kidney reabsorption

Increased bone resorption

43
Q

What are the two major controls of blood calcium?

A

PTH

Vitamin D3 (helps calcium absorption)

44
Q

Where are catecholamines produced?

A

Adrenal medulla. Versus the adrenal cortex makes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.

45
Q

The adrenal medulla functions most like what kind of neuron?

A

Post ganglionic sympathetic neuron. Adrenal medulla developed embyrologically in parallel with the sympathetic nervous system.

46
Q

What four classes of hormones are released from adrenal cortex?

A

(1) Glucocorticoids

(2) Mineralocorticoids

(3) Androgens

(4) Estrogens and progesterones

47
Q

How is cortisol transported?

A

Bound to globulins

Bound to albumin

Free form

48
Q

The fact that we need cortisol in small levels for other hormones to work is known as what?

A

Permissive effect

49
Q

What stimulates cortisol release?

A

ACTH

50
Q

ACTH exhibits diurnal variations. When is it at its highest?

A

In the morning

51
Q

What else is produced along with ACTH?

A

MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone. This is why patients with Cushing’s Syndrome (hypercortisolism) may also exhibit hyperpigmentation.

52
Q

What are some of the anabolic physiological activities of cortisol?

A

(1) Stimulates gluconeogenesis

(2) Stimulates glycogen breakdown

(3) Stimulates protein synthesis

Anabolism refers to the synthesis of molecules (from simpler ones put together).

53
Q

What are some of the catabolic effects of cortisol at physiological doses?

A
  1. Increased Protein catabolism in skeletal muscle, connective tissue, and lymphoid tissue
  2. Increased Lipolysis
  3. Increased Production of rate-limiting enzymes for gluconeogenesis

Catabolism refers to the breakdown of molecules (into simpler ones).

54
Q

What are some of the other roles of cortisol at physiological doses?

A

Weak aldosterone effect

Stimulates surfactant production in fetuses

Anti inflammatory

Enhances immune function

55
Q

What stimulates crf?

A

Stress e.g. hypoglycemia, intense hot or cold, chronic pain, emotions, disease

56
Q

What is the major mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

57
Q

What are the target tissues for aldosterone?

A

Kidney

Sweat glands

Salivary glands

Colonic epithelium

58
Q

What are the major effects of aldosterone?

A

Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure

59
Q

How does aldosterone regulate blood volume and pressure?

A

(1) By causing an increase in Na+ reabsorption –> increased water reabsorption

(2) Increased K+ excretion

60
Q

What is the long term control of aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

61
Q

What are some of the other controls of aldosterone?

A

Increased K+ (potent regulator)

Decreased Na+

62
Q

What is needed for aldosterone to work?

A

ACTH

63
Q

What is the major adrenal androgen?

A

DHEA

64
Q

The delta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce what hormone?

A

Somatostatin

65
Q

What other organs produce somatostatins?

A

Stomach and intestines

66
Q

What effects do somatostatins have on the body?

A

Inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans

Inhibits GH and TSH

Inhibits G.I. secretions such as CCK and secretin

67
Q

What hormone promotes fuel storage?

A

Insulin

68
Q

What will increase insulin release?

A

High blood glucose

Sweet tasting food

Amino acids

69
Q

What hormones increase insulin levels?

A

GI hormones –> cck, secretin and gastrin

Cortisol

70
Q

What inhibits insulin release?

A

Epi and norepi and somatostatin

71
Q

What are the effects of insulin?

A

Increased cellular uptake of glucose

Increased Glucose utilization

Increased Glycogen synthesis

Increased Fatty acid synthesis

Increased Protein synthesis

72
Q

What hormone is released with low blood sugar?

A

Glucagon

73
Q

What are the main stimuli for release of glucagon?

A

Main stimuli –> Decreased blood sugar

Increased Blood amino acids

Epi/Norepi

74
Q

What are some of the effects of glucagon?

A

Increased blood glucose via:

Increased Gluconeogenesis

Increased Glycogenolysis

Increased Triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue

75
Q

Name 3 factors increase glucagon stimulation?

A

Low blood glucose, protein-containing meal, elevated levels of epinephrine

Part 1 (73 decks)

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