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Part 1 > MSK System Physiology 1 > Flashcards

MSK System Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrous

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

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3
Q

What distinguishes hyaluronic acid form other glycosaminoglycans?

A

It has no sulphate bonds and is not protein-linked

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4
Q

Which glycosaminoglycan is the most abundant?

A

Chondroitin sulphate

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5
Q

What is the contractile unit of muscle?

A

The sarcomere

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6
Q

What is the name of the organelle in the muscle cell that is high in calcium?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

What substance fluxes through open gated channels when the action potential reaches the terminal bouton?

A

Calcium

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9
Q

The depolarization of the post synaptic membrane is known as what?

A

The End Plate Potential (epp)

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10
Q

Why will the epp always reach threshold every time?

A

Because it is suprathreshold

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11
Q

What stops the action of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

A

Acetyl choline esterase. AChE breaks down Ach into choline and acetate.

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12
Q

Adrenergic synapses use what neurotransmitter?

A

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

What are the 2 contractile proteins of muscle?

A

Actin and myosin

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14
Q

Which of the contractile proteins is found in the thin filament?

A

Actin

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15
Q

Which of the contractile proteins is found in the thick filament?

A

Myosin

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16
Q

What are the 2 regulatory proteins that are also found on the thin filament?

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

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17
Q

Which is the regulatory protein that has an inhibitory action on the formation of actin-myosin complex?

A

Tropomyosin

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18
Q

What substance causes the troponin-tropomyosin complex to fall away from the active site of the actin molecule?

A

Calcium

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19
Q

To which of the regulatory proteins does calcium bind?

A

Troponin

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20
Q

What substance is bound to the myosin head?

A

atp

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21
Q

What two things do we need to get the muscle to relax?

A

(1) Removal of calcium

(2) Formation of atop on myosin head

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22
Q

Lifting and setting down contraction with muscle shortening and lengthening is known as what type of contraction?

A

Isotonic

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23
Q

Contraction with no external muscle shortening is what type of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric

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24
Q

The force-velocity curve describes what type of muscle contraction?

A

Isotonic (velocity gives sense of movement)

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25
Q

The length-tension curve describes what type of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric

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26
Q

Posture, heat generation, nerve nutrition of muscle and general circulation are all functions of what?

A

Muscle tone

27
Q

What is it called when a series of action potentials reach a muscle such that it cannot relax and so force within a muscle is built to a maximum?

A

Summation of twitches

28
Q

Accumulation of calcium in the cytoplasm is the mechanism for what?

A

Summation of twitches

29
Q

What are the 3 muscle fiber types?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic

Slow oxidative

Fast glycolytic

30
Q

Marathon runners have more of what muscle fibers?

A

Slow oxidative

31
Q

Sprinters have more of what type of muscle fibers?

A

Fast glycolytic

32
Q

Where do you find smooth muscle in the body?

A

Hollow organs, blood vessels, lymphatics, in the skin to do piloerection and in the eye

33
Q

What are the 2 different types of smooth muscle?

A

(1) Multi unit

(2) Visceral-contracts as a single unit

34
Q

Piloerection and the ciliary muscles of the eyes are examples of what type of smooth muscle?

A

Multi unit

35
Q

Gap junctions are found in which type of smooth muscle?

A

Viscera

36
Q

What is the cytoplasmic binding protein found in smooth muscle?

A

Calmodulin

37
Q

What are 2 possible sources of calcium for smooth muscle contraction?

A

(1) Mitochondrion

(2) Intracellular vesicles

38
Q

How does relaxation of smooth muscle differ from relaxation of skeletal muscle?

A

It requires a light chain phosphatase enzyme to remove phosphate from myosin. In skeletal muscle relaxation is based on the reuptake of calcium and atp formation on the myosin head.

39
Q

What are the 2 types of action potentials in smooth muscle?

A

(1) Spike potential

(2) Plateau potential

40
Q

The gut, blood vessels experience what type of smooth muscle action potential?

A

Spike

41
Q

The uterus and bladder experience what type of smooth muscle action potential?

A

Plateau potential

42
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is regulated in what 2 ways?

A

(1) Neurally i.e. via neurotransmitters

(2) Hormonally via blood borne agents (epi) and local tissue factors (O2, CO2, H+)

43
Q

What happens to smooth muscle when it is stretched?

A

It will often lead to a spike potential and contraction

44
Q

What happens to heart rate during an exercise bout?

A

It increases

45
Q

What does the increase in heart rate during an exercise bout do to stroke volume?

A

Increases it

46
Q

What happens to renal and splanchnic blood flow during an exercise bout?

A

They decrease

47
Q

After the anaerobic threshold is reached during an exercise bout what causes an increase in ventilation?

A

Increased lactic acid. Carotid bodies are responsible for this detection.

48
Q

What is the only metabolic hormone to be decreased in an exercise bout?

A

Insulin. Insulin encourages glucose reuptake of the cells.

49
Q

What happens in skeletal muscle during an exercise bout?

A
  1. Increase in blood flow because vascular beds dilate and receive extra blood from renal and splanchnic beds
  2. Increased metabolism up to 25X
  3. Increased oxygen extraction
50
Q

How does maximum heart rate get affected by training?

A

It remains unchanged

51
Q

What happens to submax heart rate in a trained heart?

A

It decreases

52
Q

What happens to the coronaries in a trained heart?

A

They increase in size, not in number

53
Q

How is stroke volume affected in a trained athlete?

A

It will increase because the heart is more efficient and better able to handle demands

54
Q

How is oxygen consumption affected in a trained athlete?

A

It will decrease

55
Q

What happens to mitochondrion content in a trained athletes skeletal muscle?

A

They increase

56
Q

What happens to capillary density in a trained athletes skeletal muscle?

A

It increases

57
Q

What happens to protein content of skeletal muscle with resistive training?

A

It will increase

58
Q

What happens to lactate production in a trained athlete?

A

Less is produced for the same workload

59
Q

Glucose and glycogen are spared due to the increased metabolism of what?

A

Fatty acids

60
Q

What type of exercise will increase bone mass?

A

Weight bearing exercise

61
Q

What kind of exercise will increase size and strength of ligaments and tendons?

A

Resistance training

62
Q

How is insulin affected during rest and an exercise bout in a trained athlete?

A

Rest: lower insulin levels with higher sensitivity of receptors

Exercise bout: higher insulin levels with lower sensitivity of receptors

63
Q

What happens to epi, norepi, cortisol, glucagon and GH during an exercise bout in a trained athlete?

A

They experience a lower rise

Part 1 (73 decks)

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