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Part 1 > Integumentary System Pathology 1 - Basic Pathology, Inflammation > Flashcards

Integumentary System Pathology 1 - Basic Pathology, Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Acute inflammation occurs within what period of time?

A

Short duration, less than 72 hours

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2
Q

Which leukocyte is the first to perform diapedesis in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil. They are usually the dominate leukocyte for the first 6-24 hours of inflammation

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3
Q

Acute inflammation involves what cellular changes?

A

Neutrophil infiltration

Swelling

Edema

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4
Q

Chronic inflammation occurs after what period of time?

A

After 48-72 hours

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5
Q

Chronic inflammation involves what types of inflammatory cells and cellular changes?

A

Macrophages

Lymphocytes

Plasma cells

Fibroblasts

New blood vessels

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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6
Q

What are common causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation

Viral infections

Certain autoimmune diseases

Parasites

Malignant tumor

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7
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

It is the process by which a leukocyte follows a chemical gradient that directs it from its extravascular site to the injury site

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8
Q

Name the 4 steps by which leukocytes move from the vascular lumen into the extravascular space during acute inflammation?

A

Margination, rolling, adhesion and transmigration

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9
Q

What is margination?

A

Larger white blood cells are pushed along the lumen wall whereas the smaller cells (i.e. red blood cells) move faster along the center of the lumen. This enables leukocytes to have elongated contact with the lining epithelial cells.

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10
Q

What is rolling?

A

As leukocytes move along the endothelial surface they transiently stick due to sugary receptors called selectin on both the leukocyte and endothelium.

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11
Q

What is adhesion?

A

When a leukocyte remains fixated to the endothelial surface. This firm adhesion is due to integrins on the leukocyte’s surface and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the endothelial surface. Integrins only bind to ICMA-1 and VCAM-1 when activated by chemotactic agents (TNF and IL-1) during inflammation.

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12
Q

What is transmigration?

A

Through the help of PECAM-1 on the endothelium and the leukocyte’s surface, the leukocyte is able to squeeze between intercellular junctions and reach tissue

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13
Q

Cell injury causes an influx of calcium that does what?

A

Breaks down phospholipids and releases arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid can either generate leukotrienes or prostaglandins.

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14
Q

Why are steroids anti-inflammatory?

A

Steroids inhibit phospholipase

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15
Q

What inhibits the cyclo-oxygenase pathway?

A

Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents

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16
Q

What chemical mediators cause vasodilation following cell injury?

A

Prostaglandins, especially PGI2 (prostacyclin)

17
Q

What chemical mediators cause vasoconstriction?

A

Thromboxanes

18
Q

What is the main leukotriene for adhesion and chemotaxis in inflammation?

A

LTB4

19
Q

What occurs when Factor XII comes into contact with collagen or activated platelets?

A

Production of bradykinin and activation of the clotting, fibrinolytic and complement cascades.

20
Q

What causes the degranulation of histamine-containing vesicles?

A

Trauma, cold, immune reactions

21
Q

When are the effects of histamine felt during an inflammatory reaction?

A

During the first 30 min

22
Q

Which cells release histamine in inflammation?

A

Basophils, platelets, and mast cells (only mast cells contain pre-formed histamine).

23
Q

What is another name for platelets and what are they differentiated from?

A

They are known as thrombocytes and they come from megakaryocytes.

24
Q

Which cells release serotonin in inflammation?

A

Platelets (it is usually released during platelet aggregation). Serotonin then vasoconstricts or vasodilates depending on which is needed.

25
Q

What does nitric oxide promote?

A

Vascular permeability

26
Q

What does nitric oxide inhibit?

A

Platelet aggregation

27
Q

What amino acid is nitric acid formed from?

A

Arginine

28
Q

What vascular changes may occur in the body following massive tissue injury or serious infection?

A

Levels of tnf-alpha may rise and cause systemic vasodilation and shock

29
Q

What are two examples of long-term damage that results from inflammatory complications?

A

Hepatic cirrhosis and emphysema

30
Q

When is tissue regeneration possible?

A

When the basement membrane is intact and when tissues are made up of cells capable of mitosis

31
Q

What does the process of fibrosis involve?

A

(1) Inflammation

(2) Liquefaction and clearing of dead cells and debris

(3) Formation of granulation tissue

(4) New capillaries proliferate fibroblasts generate collagen to create scar tissue

Part 1 (73 decks)

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