Pulmonary System Pathology 1 Flashcards
What bacteria causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What causes whooping cough?
Bordatella pertussis
What organism causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the skin test for tuberculosis called?
Mantoux skin test = purified protein derivate (PPD) test = tuberculin test
What is the vaccine against tuberculosis called?
BCG, or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
How is tuberculosis transmitted?
By respiratory droplet
What kind of immune response does the body have to tuberculosis?
Cell-mediated response, no antibodies are involved
What is tuberculosis infection that has spread to the blood called?
Miliary tuberculosis
What organism causes many cases of walking pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What fungus can cause status asthmaticus?
Aspergillus
What viral pathogen with over 41 antigenic types commonly causes pharyngitis and conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
What are the 3 main vectors for adenovirus?
Respiratory droplets
Fecal-oral routes
Direct fomite inoculation
What is allergic rhinitis?
Type I immune reaction mediated by IgE, typically causing nasal discharge
What is epiglottitis?
Life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis, caused by H. influenzae
What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?
High fever
Drooling
Inspiratory stridor
Toxic appearance
What is the most common malignant tumor of the larynx?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What condition is associated with vocal abuse and heavy cigarette smoking?
Singer’s nodule, a form of vocal cord polyps
What type of atelectasis is caused by a mass in the pleural cavity?
Compression atelectasis, which causes compression of alveoli
What type of atelectasis results from Cystic fibrosis or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards)?
Patchy atelectasis
How are chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases characterized?
Physical or functional airflow obstruction
What are the four types of obstructive lung diseases?
(1) Emphysema
(2) Chronic bronchitis
(3) Bronchiectasis
(4) Asthma
What is emphysema?
A disease resulting from enlarged alveolar spaces and increased residual volume of the lung
What is a term associated with patients with emphysema?
Pink puffers. They have to work to get air out of the lungs which results in a pink skin complexion not cyanosis.
What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?
A productive cough occurring for at least three consecutive months over the course of two consecutive years
What is a term associated with patients with chronic bronchitis?
Blue bloaters. They are cyanotic due to blocked airways and systemic edema.
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent, abnormal bronchial dilation caused by chronic infection and resulting in abundant, purulent sputum and bronchial obstruction
What is extrinsic asthma?
Childhood asthma that develops as a hypersensitivity reaction to allergens involving IgE bound to mast cells
What is the problem in restrictive lung diseases?
Decreased lung volumes and decreased compliance from conditions affecting the interalveolar septa and connective tissue
What are some types of restrictive lung diseases?
(1) Pneumoconiosis
(2) Sarcoidosis
(3) ards
(4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
(5) Goodpasture’s syndrome
What is adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards)?
Respiratory failure from simultaneous pulmonary insults, including bacterial or viral pneumonia, sepsis, chest trauma, or fat embolism.
Goodpasture’s syndrome is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type II hypersensitivity reaction. This involves collage type IV.
What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism?
(1) Dyspnea with tachypnea
(2) Pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular failure
(3) Hyperventilation
(4) Arterial hypoxemia
(5) Pulmonary infarction
What is the number one cause of immediate death?
Death from pneumonia
What would you expect to find with bacterial pneumonia?
Consolidation, chills and fever, productive cough, blood-tinged or rusty sputum, hypoxia, shortness of breath, pleuritic pain.
What two other terms are used for primary atypical pneumonia?
Walking pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
Ten to fifteen percent of lung abscesses are associated with what condition?
Bronchogenic cancer
What are common causes of viral pneumonia?
Adenoviruses
Influenza
Rubeola
Varicella
Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)
What does viral pneumonia cause?
Patchy, unilateral or bilateral lobar involvement without consolidation, pleuritis or pleural effusion.
Where is histoplasmosis typically found?
Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, where it is spread by wind, birds and bats.
What does histoplasmosis mimic?
Tuberculosis
What is another name for coccidioidomycosis?
San Joaquin Valley Fever
Where is coccidioidomycosis typically found?
Southern California, southwestern U.S., northern Mexico, and parts of South America where it is spread by wind, birds and bats.
Patients with HIV infection may develop which type of pneumonia?
Pneumocystis cariniipneumonia (pcp)
What is the initial infection in tuberculosis (TB) called?
Primary tuberculosis
What is found in primary tuberculosis?
A Ghon focus, which is a single granuloma with caseous necrosis in the center and located near the pleura of one lung.
How is primary tuberculosis detected?
A positive reaction to a TB test
What occurs in secondary tuberculosis?
Ten percent of patients with primary TB develop granulomas that erode into the bronchi and bronchioles. TB may then be spread to others through aerosolized bronchial secretions.
What is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide and in the U.S.?
Malignant carcinoma of the lung
What causes eight-five percent of all lung cancers?
Cigarette smoking
What types of malignant neoplasms affect the lung?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large and small cell carcinomas
Adenocarcinoma
Bronchial carcinoid
What types of lung tumors respond to chemotherapy?
Only small cell carcinomas
What complications may occur with pneumothorax?
Negative loss of pressure of the lung may cause the mediastinum to shift and compress the other lung, creating a life-threatening situation.
