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Part 1 > Pulmonary System Pathology 1 > Flashcards

Pulmonary System Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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2
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordatella pertussis

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3
Q

What organism causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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4
Q

What is the skin test for tuberculosis called?

A

Mantoux skin test = purified protein derivate (PPD) test = tuberculin test

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5
Q

What is the vaccine against tuberculosis called?

A

BCG, or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

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6
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

A

By respiratory droplet

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7
Q

What kind of immune response does the body have to tuberculosis?

A

Cell-mediated response, no antibodies are involved

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8
Q

What is tuberculosis infection that has spread to the blood called?

A

Miliary tuberculosis

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9
Q

What organism causes many cases of walking pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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10
Q

What fungus can cause status asthmaticus?

A

Aspergillus

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11
Q

What viral pathogen with over 41 antigenic types commonly causes pharyngitis and conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

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12
Q

What are the 3 main vectors for adenovirus?

A

Respiratory droplets

Fecal-oral routes

Direct fomite inoculation

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13
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Type I immune reaction mediated by IgE, typically causing nasal discharge

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14
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

Life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis, caused by H. influenzae

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?

A

High fever

Drooling

Inspiratory stridor

Toxic appearance

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16
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor of the larynx?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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17
Q

What condition is associated with vocal abuse and heavy cigarette smoking?

A

Singer’s nodule, a form of vocal cord polyps

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18
Q

What type of atelectasis is caused by a mass in the pleural cavity?

A

Compression atelectasis, which causes compression of alveoli

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19
Q

What type of atelectasis results from Cystic fibrosis or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards)?

A

Patchy atelectasis

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20
Q

How are chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases characterized?

A

Physical or functional airflow obstruction

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21
Q

What are the four types of obstructive lung diseases?

A

(1) Emphysema

(2) Chronic bronchitis

(3) Bronchiectasis

(4) Asthma

22
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A disease resulting from enlarged alveolar spaces and increased residual volume of the lung

23
Q

What is a term associated with patients with emphysema?

A

Pink puffers. They have to work to get air out of the lungs which results in a pink skin complexion not cyanosis.

24
Q

What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?

A

A productive cough occurring for at least three consecutive months over the course of two consecutive years

25
Q

What is a term associated with patients with chronic bronchitis?

A

Blue bloaters. They are cyanotic due to blocked airways and systemic edema.

26
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent, abnormal bronchial dilation caused by chronic infection and resulting in abundant, purulent sputum and bronchial obstruction

27
Q

What is extrinsic asthma?

A

Childhood asthma that develops as a hypersensitivity reaction to allergens involving IgE bound to mast cells

28
Q

What is the problem in restrictive lung diseases?

A

Decreased lung volumes and decreased compliance from conditions affecting the interalveolar septa and connective tissue

29
Q

What are some types of restrictive lung diseases?

A

(1) Pneumoconiosis

(2) Sarcoidosis

(3) ards

(4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

(5) Goodpasture’s syndrome

30
Q

What is adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards)?

A

Respiratory failure from simultaneous pulmonary insults, including bacterial or viral pneumonia, sepsis, chest trauma, or fat embolism.

31
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type II hypersensitivity reaction. This involves collage type IV.

32
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

(1) Dyspnea with tachypnea

(2) Pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular failure

(3) Hyperventilation

(4) Arterial hypoxemia

(5) Pulmonary infarction

33
Q

What is the number one cause of immediate death?

A

Death from pneumonia

34
Q

What would you expect to find with bacterial pneumonia?

A

Consolidation, chills and fever, productive cough, blood-tinged or rusty sputum, hypoxia, shortness of breath, pleuritic pain.

35
Q

What two other terms are used for primary atypical pneumonia?

A

Walking pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia

36
Q

Ten to fifteen percent of lung abscesses are associated with what condition?

A

Bronchogenic cancer

37
Q

What are common causes of viral pneumonia?

A

Adenoviruses

Influenza

Rubeola

Varicella

Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)

38
Q

What does viral pneumonia cause?

A

Patchy, unilateral or bilateral lobar involvement without consolidation, pleuritis or pleural effusion.

39
Q

Where is histoplasmosis typically found?

A

Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, where it is spread by wind, birds and bats.

40
Q

What does histoplasmosis mimic?

A

Tuberculosis

41
Q

What is another name for coccidioidomycosis?

A

San Joaquin Valley Fever

42
Q

Where is coccidioidomycosis typically found?

A

Southern California, southwestern U.S., northern Mexico, and parts of South America where it is spread by wind, birds and bats.

43
Q

Patients with HIV infection may develop which type of pneumonia?

A

Pneumocystis cariniipneumonia (pcp)

44
Q

What is the initial infection in tuberculosis (TB) called?

A

Primary tuberculosis

45
Q

What is found in primary tuberculosis?

A

A Ghon focus, which is a single granuloma with caseous necrosis in the center and located near the pleura of one lung.

46
Q

How is primary tuberculosis detected?

A

A positive reaction to a TB test

47
Q

What occurs in secondary tuberculosis?

A

Ten percent of patients with primary TB develop granulomas that erode into the bronchi and bronchioles. TB may then be spread to others through aerosolized bronchial secretions.

48
Q

What is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide and in the U.S.?

A

Malignant carcinoma of the lung

49
Q

What causes eight-five percent of all lung cancers?

A

Cigarette smoking

50
Q

What types of malignant neoplasms affect the lung?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Large and small cell carcinomas

Adenocarcinoma

Bronchial carcinoid

51
Q

What types of lung tumors respond to chemotherapy?

A

Only small cell carcinomas

52
Q

What complications may occur with pneumothorax?

A

Negative loss of pressure of the lung may cause the mediastinum to shift and compress the other lung, creating a life-threatening situation.

Part 1 (73 decks)

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