Immunological System Pathology 1 - Virology Flashcards
What lymphoid cell is most affected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
B lymphocytes
What two diseases are associated with EBV?
Infectious mononucleosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
What infection is defined by the appearance of multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear inclusions inside organ tissues?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
How is EBV distinguished from CMV?
Monospot test for EBV (heterophile antibodies) or by detecting anti-cmv IgM in a blood sample
What is the gold standard test for CMV?
Tissue culture
What is the characteristic finding found in tissue staining for CMV?
“Owl’s eyes” bodies, otherwise known as basophilic intranuclear inclusion body surrounded by a clear halo.
Human herpes virus-6 is associated with what exanthum?
Roseola infantum
Roseola infantum is associated with what characteristic macular rash? What other virus can cause this?
The slapped cheek rash; parvovirus B19 (a.k.a. erythrovirus B19)
What are the four pathogenic viruses in the Paramyxovirus family?
Measles
Mumps
Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)
Parainfluenza viruses.
What virus is associated with German measles?
Rubella
What is the incubation period of rubella?
14-21 days
Rubella infection is associated with what outcome if contracted by pregnant women?
Congenital malformation in the heart, the eyes, and/or brain in the fetus in the first trimester.
How is rubella spread?
Respiratory droplets
What is the name of the virus that causes measles?
Rubeola
What skin presentation is virtually diagnostic for measles? Where does it appear? What does it look like?
Koplik’s spots on the buccal mucosa; bright red lesions with a white center.
What is the incubation period for measles?
7-14 days.
What are the prodromal signs and symptoms of measles?
Fever
Cough
Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
What symptoms typically accompany the rash of measles?
(1) Photophobia
(2) Cough
(3) Conjunctivitis
(4) Pruritis
(5) Leukopenia
(6) Leukocytosis
What progressive, usually fatal brain disorder is associated with measles?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Where are the most common sites for common warts?
Fingers
Hands
Elbows
How is mumps transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
What is the incubation period of mumps?
14-24 days
Mumps is initially associated with the swelling of what tissue?
Parotid glands
What condition in postpubertal males is associated with mumps?
Bilateral orchitis
The common cold is caused most commonly by which viruses?
Rhinovirus, coronavirus, rsv, adenovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus
Epidemics of influenza are associated with what strain of the virus? Why?
Influenza A, related to its large number of hosts (compared to influenza B which infects only humans and seals).
Pandemics of influenza are associated with what changes in the virus?
Antigenic shift, major changes in rna
How is Coxsackie virus spread?
Fecal-oral route
What diseases are associated with coxsackie virus?
Myocarditis/pericarditis
Meningitis/encephalitis
Respiratory infections
Hand-foot-mouth disease
The rhabdovirus is associated with what disease?
Rabies
The formation of what in the cns is a hallmark sign of rabies?
Negri bodies
What is the incubation period of rabies?
30-50 days
Alpha and flavi viruses are spread by what vector?
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
What three diseases are associated with alpha and flavi viruses?
Yellow fever
Dengue fever
Viral encephalitis e.g. St. Louis and West Nile virus
Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has tropism for what types of cells in the body?
CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes
What are the most common routes of hiv transmission?
Contact with blood
Sexual intercourse with exchange of bodily fluids
Placentally
During birth
Via breast milk
How is a preliminary diagnosis of hiv made?
Via a positive elisa test
If a patient gets a positive elisa test what do you follow up with?
A confirmatory Western Blot test
What does it mean that hiv is a retrovirus?
RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase in a host cell to generate DNA which is then incorporated into the host genome via integrase so that the virus can then be replicated by the host cell.
What is envelope of an enveloped virus made of?
Host plasma membrane lipids and glycoproteins and some viral glycoproteins.
What are the most important enveloped viruses in medicine?
Herpes and pox viruses
Dengue and yellow fever
Rubella
Viral encephalitis
HBV and HDV
Influenza, RSV, metapneumonavirus, parainfluenza
Rabies
Retroviruses
