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Part 1 > Pulmonary System Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Pulmonary System Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Quiet inspiration uses what muscle to inhale?

A

The diaphragm

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2
Q

Active inspiration uses what muscles to inhale?

A

Scalenes, external intercostals and scm

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3
Q

Active expiration uses what to exhale?

A

Rectus abdominis and internal intercostals

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4
Q

The elastic ability of the lungs to recoil on expiration is based on what 2 factors?

A

Elastin

Surface tension

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5
Q

What describes a tissues ability to distend i.e. the ability of the lungs to expand?

A

Compliance

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6
Q

What describes a tissues ability to recoil?

A

Elasticity

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7
Q

What do we have to overcome in order to inhale?

A

Surface tension. Dysfunctional surface tension leads to atelectasis (lung collapse).

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8
Q

What substance allows the body to overcome surface tension?

A

Surfactant. Epithelial type II cells produce surfactant (which contains proteins and lipids).

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9
Q

When is the lung most likely to collapse?

A

End expiratory volumes

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10
Q

In describing the work of breathing, is rate work elastic or non-elastic?

A

Non-elastic

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11
Q

In describing the work of breathing is depth work elastic or non-elastic?

A

Elastic

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12
Q

What describes the work required to overcome air friction in the respiratory passages?

A

Non-elastic work

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13
Q

The elastic work of the lungs has to overcome what 2 factors?

A

Elastic nature of tissue

Surface tension

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14
Q

What happens with decreased compliance?

A

It is harder to inflate the lungs. Compliance refers to the lung’s ability to stretch.

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15
Q

Histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins have what affect on lung airway passages?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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16
Q

Sympathetic stimulation with release of epi stimulates beta 2 receptors on bronchiole smooth muscle to do what?

A

Relax causing bronchodilation. Versus bronchoconstriction is caused by alpha receptor stimulation.

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17
Q

The rate at which new air reaches the respiratory areas is known as what?

A

Alveolar ventilation. Alveoli is the area of gas exchange.

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18
Q

The amount of air expired after quiet expiration is known as what?

A

Tidal volume. Quiet respiration refers to “normal” breathing.

19
Q

Maximum inspiration followed by the measurement of the volume of air expired during maximum expiration is known as what?

A

Forced vital capacity

20
Q

Volume of air that fills the conducting passageways is known as what?

A

Anatomical dead space

21
Q

Volume of air in respiratory areas for which no gas exchange takes place is known as what?

A

Physiological dead space

22
Q

The amount of air expired after 1 second is measured as what?

A

Forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1). This is an important measurement for diagnosing and managing asthma.

23
Q

In what conditions do we get vasoconstriction?

A

Stress
Inhaled irritants

24
Q

The volume of air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration is known as what?

A

Residual volume

25
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

26
Q

What respiratory center will spontaneously depolarize and allow for smooth breathing by sending signals to the phrenic nerve?

A

The dorsal respiratory group

27
Q

What sends out inhibitory signals to the dorsal respiratory group, slowing down depolarization levels and helping set final respiratory rate and pattern?

A

The pneumotaxic centers

28
Q

What sends signals to the accessory muscle groups leading to forced or active breathing?

A

Ventral respiratory groups

29
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch and carotids

30
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Oxygen levels

31
Q

With decreased oxygen levels where does the peripheral chemoreceptor send its signal to increase rate of breathing?

A

The dorsal respiratory group

32
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

In the brain

33
Q

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Carbon dioxide levels

34
Q

What will increased CO2 levels do?

A

They will cause the body to increase rate and depth of breathing

35
Q

What is the major control factor of breathing?

A

CO2 levels. CO2 is toxic for us and thus our bodies want to expel it.

36
Q

What factors affect diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

Membrane thickness –> decreased diffusion

Partial pressure differences

Surface area: decreased leads to decreased diffusion

37
Q

A concept that allows us to understand respiratory exchange when there is an imbalance between alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow is known as what?

A

Ventilation/perfusion ratio which should be kept at 1 to match ventilation rate with blood flow

38
Q

What is the physiological condition when the alveoli can’t ventilate the amount of blood coming into the lungs?

A

Physiological shunt. This is where the ventilation to perfusion ratio in the lung is decreased.

39
Q

What disorders set up a physiological shunt?

A

Lung disease (e.g. emphysema)

40
Q

A situation in which there is extra air but not enough blood to oxygenate it is known as what?

A

Physiological dead space. The ventilation to perfusion ratio is increased in this state.

41
Q

What disorders will contribute to physiological dead space? Say which side of the ratio it will affect.

A

Hyperventilation: Increased alveolar ventilation, making it a physiological shunt.

Pulmonary embolism decreased blood flow, making it a dead space.

42
Q

What three things affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

(1) CO2 binding –> O2 dissociates from Hgb

(2) H+ ions –> O2 dissociates from Hgb

(3) Temperature –> O2 dissociates from Hgb

43
Q

What are three ways CO2 is carried in the body?

A

(1) Dissolved in plasma (7%)

(2) Inside rbc, bound to Hgb (23%)

(3) In plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)(70%)

44
Q

How is respiration involved in acid base balance?

A

Via creation of bicarbonate that acts as a buffer in the blood:

CO2+H2O–> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

Part 1 (73 decks)

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