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Part 1 > Integumentary System Pathology 1 - Basic Pathology, General Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Integumentary System Pathology 1 - Basic Pathology, General Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

Benign tumor of epithelial cells projecting outward either micro- or macroscopically

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2
Q

What is a polyp?

A

Benign tumor projecting macroscopically into a lumen

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3
Q

What premalignant situation exists if dysplastic or neoplastic cells have not breached the basement membrane?

A

Carcinoma in situ

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4
Q

What are the four most common types of malignant tumors?

A

(1) Sarcoma: malignant tumor of mesenchymal tissue

(2) Carcinoma: malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

(3) Adenocarcinoma: carcinoma with a glandular pattern

(4) Squamous cell carcinoma: carcinoma arising from stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

Which cells are most susceptible to becoming neoplastic?

A

Epithelial cells (because they regenerate often).

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6
Q

What is the “two-hit hypothesis” of cancer development?

A

It takes more than one genetic mutation for a cell to become cancerous

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7
Q

What are some of the major sources of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds?

A

(1) Tobacco products

(2) Food

(3) Water

(4) Chemical exposures

(5) Radiation exposures

(6) Drugs

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8
Q

What must occur for a cell to go through full neoplastic transformation and become a malignant tumor?

A

Multiple genetic abnormalities

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9
Q

What two types of genes are involved in carcinogenesis?

A

(1) Oncogenes

(2) Tumor suppressor genes

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10
Q

What is a proto-oncogene called after it mutates?

A

Oncogene. “Pro” suffix usually refers to precursors.

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11
Q

When tumor suppressor genes mutate, what may potentially occur in the cell?

A

The cell may potentially divide forever

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12
Q

As tumors enlarge, what do they promote around them?

A

(1) Neo-angiogenesis

(2) Lymphangiogenesis

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13
Q

How do cancer cells evade detection by the immune system?

A

They develop mutations altering cell surface markers and secrete immunosuppressive compounds

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14
Q

How do neoplastic cells facilitate local invasion into adjacent tissues?

A

(1) Loss of contact inhibition

(2) Secretion of enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteases, that dissolve connective tissue

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15
Q

What are two cancers that tend to metastasize by venous drainage and settle in specific sites in th ebody?

A

(1) Prostate cancer: pelvis and lumbar spine

(2) Lung cancer: brain

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16
Q

What are two areas of the body with fine capillary beds that are common sites of metastasis in the body?

A

Lung and liver

17
Q

How long does it take a single malignant cell to become clinically detectible?

A

Thirty population doublings

18
Q

What is the primary reason tumors grow in size?

A

Cells produced are immortal and accumulate

19
Q

What are some examples of complications and systemic effects caused by malignant tumors?

A

(1) Immune suppression

(2) Metastasis

(3) Micrometastasis

(4) Indirect malignancy

(5) Cachexia

(6) Hemorrhage

(7) Paraneoplastic syndromes

(8) Pathological fractures

(9) Hypercoagulability

(10) Resistance to therapy

20
Q

What is one of the most common reasons people actually die from cancer?

A

Many tumors secrete compounds that induce cachexia, causing wasting

21
Q

What are some examples of tumors that are curable by surgery alone if caught early?

A

(1) Malignant melanoma

(2) Breast cancer

22
Q

When a tumor is being graded, what is an important factor to be assessed?

A

Degree of differentiation of cells, with less differentiated cells termed anaplastic cells

23
Q

How is the mitotic index used when assessing malignant tumors?

A

It is used to identify cells with rapid mitosis and determine grade and prognosis

24
Q

How does receptor analysis help determine prognosis with various cancers, such as breast cancer?

A

Receptor analysis helps identify those cancers susceptible to hormonal controls and guides therapeutic choices, such as the use of hormonal therapies, e.g., tamoxifen use in estrogen-receptor positive patients with breast cancer

25
Q

How are most malignant tumors staged?

A

Tumors are staged by determining:

T: size and extent of local invasion of tumor

N: lymph node involvement

M: whether there is distant metastasis

26
Q

What are some tumor markers that are sometimes used for cancer screening, though most are too non-specific for general use?

A

(1) Alpha Feto-Protein (afp) - testicular cancer and heptocellular cancer

(2) Human Ghorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) - testicular cancer

(3) Prostate-specific antigen (psa) - prostate cancer

(4) Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA-125) - ovarian and other cancers

(5) Carcinoembryonic Antigen (cea) - colorectal cancer

(6) Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 CA19-9 - pancreatic cancer

Part 1 (73 decks)

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