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Part 1 > GI System Physiology 1 > Flashcards

GI System Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of tissue that forms the spleen?

A

Red pulp

White pulp

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2
Q

What are the 2 motor activities of the mouth?

A

Mastication

Deglutition (swallowing)

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3
Q

What is the motor activity of the esophagus?

How is this accomplished?

A

Propulsion by peristalsis

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4
Q

What are the 3 motor activities of the stomach?

A

Mixing

Storage

Emptying

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5
Q

What 2 things regulate stomach emptying?

A

Gastrin

Stomach distention

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6
Q

How do long chain fatty acids affect stomach emptying?

A

They decrease it by causing release of cck which inhibits gastrin

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7
Q

How does duodenal distention and irritation affect stomach emptying time?

A

The decrease emptying time

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8
Q

What is the purpose of rhythmic segmentation in the S.I.?

A

To mix up the chyme to expose it to enzymes and absorptive surface

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9
Q

What structure prevents backflow from colon and separates S. I. bugs from L.I. bugs?

A

Ileocecal valve/sphincter

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10
Q

What causes the sphincter to relax?

A

Gastric distention via gastroileal reflex

Gastrin

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11
Q

Where does most of the water absorption take place?

A

In cecum and transverse colon

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12
Q

What does rectal dissension cause?

A

A desire to defecate

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of electrical activity in the G.I.?

A

Slow waves (Basic Electrical Rhythm ber)

Spike potentials

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14
Q

Which of the 2 types of electrical activity leads to smooth muscle contraction?

A

Spike potentials

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15
Q

Which of the 2 electrical activities keeps G.I. in a state of readiness by helping set up gut tone?

A

Slow waves

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16
Q

What helps set up frequency and rhythm of action potential and smooth muscle contraction?

A

Slow waves

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17
Q

Which branch of the ans has most affect on the G.I.?

A

Parasympathetics

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18
Q

What are the 2 areas of intrinsic nervous control on the gut?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

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19
Q

Which of the 2 plexuses control motility and contraction?

A

Myenteric plexus

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20
Q

Which of the 2 plexuses controls secretions?

A

Submucosal plexus

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21
Q

Which of the 2 extrinsic nervous system controls will decrease blood flow leading to decreased secretions?

A

Sympathetics

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22
Q

Which of the 2 extrinsic nervous system controls will increase motility and secretions?

A

Parasympathetics

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23
Q

What are the antibacterial substances found in saliva?

A

Lactoferrin - binds iron to prevent bacterial cell growth

IgA

Muramidase (Breaks down bacterial cell walls)

24
Q

What enzymes are found in saliva?

A

Lingual lipase

Amylase

25
Q

What affect does increased parasympathetics have on saliva secretion?

A

It will increase rate of secretion

26
Q

What are some of the functions of hcl?

A

(1) Activation of pepsinogen into pepsin

(2) Provides the adequate pH for pepsin activity, micronutrient absorption

(3) Storage and mixing up of chyme

(4) Denatures proteins

(5) Antibacterial

27
Q

What is secreted from parietal cells?

A

hcl

Intrinsic factor

28
Q

What is secreted from chief cells?

A

Pepsinogen

29
Q

What is secreted from goblet cells?

A

Mucous

30
Q

What breaks down the aromatic amino acid bonds of proteins?

A

Pepsin

31
Q

What are 3 stimulants for hcl secretion?

A

(1) Parasympathetics

(2) Gastrin release stimulated by stomach distention and secretagogues

(3) Histamine

32
Q

What enzyme is present in infants but not adults?

A

Rennin, which breaks down milk protein. Don’t confuse this with renin.

33
Q

What neutralizes the acidic chyme as it moves into the duodenum?

A

Bicarbonate

34
Q

What causes release of bicarbonate?

A

Secretin

35
Q

Where are zymogen granules produced and released from? (organ and cells)

A

From acinar cells in pancreas

36
Q

Which pancreatic cells secrete both insulin and glucagon?

A

Islet of Langerhans or Pancreatic islets

37
Q

Which cells produce bicarbonate?

A

Ductal cells

38
Q

What activates trypsinogen into trypsin?

A

Enterokinase. Kinase enzymes transfer phosphates from ATP to another molecule.

39
Q

What activates the remaining zymogens?

A

Trypsin

40
Q

What 2 enzymes cleave proteins into smaller peptides?

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

41
Q

Which enzymes cleave off individual amino acids off of peptides?

A

Carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase

42
Q

What is the difference between carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase?

A

Carboxypeptidase cleaves amino acids off of the carboxyl end

Aminopeptidase cleaves them off the amine end

43
Q

What is major stimulus for zymogen release?

A

cck

44
Q

What stimulates release of cck?

A

Fat in S.I.

Partially digested proteins

45
Q

What hormone enhances activity of cck?

A

Insulin

46
Q

What 2 hormones inhibit pancreatic juice production and activity?

A

Somatostatin

Glucagon

47
Q

Where is secretin produced?

A

In the duodenum of the S.I.

48
Q

What effects does secretin have on its target organs?

A

Pancreas: Stimulates duct cells to release bicarb

Liver: stimulates bile and bicarb release

49
Q

What action does acetylcholine have on pancreatic secretions?

A

It will increase secretion due to parasympathetic action

50
Q

What does gelatinase breakdown?

A

Proteoglycans that are present in connective tissue of flesh products

51
Q

Facilitated diffusion of sugars across gut epithelium is dependent on Co-transport of what?

A

Sodium

52
Q

How are D verus L amino acids transported across the gut lumen?

A

D-amino acids are diffuses

L-amino acids are actively transported across the mucosa

53
Q

What nutrients are stored within the liver?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K, and B12 and iron and copper

54
Q

What does the P450 system do to xenobiotics?

A

Makes them more hydrophilic with addition of -OH group

55
Q

Which components of bile are responsible for solubilizing fat?

A

Bile salts and lecithin

56
Q

What are the active phagocytes of the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

57
Q

Which plasma protein makes up 50% of the liver’s total protein production?

A

Albumin

Part 1 (73 decks)

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