MSK System Anatomy 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 types of bone cell?
Osteoclasts: resorbs bone
Osteoblasts: produce bone matrix
Osteocytes: result of osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells: bone stem cells
Which bone cell occupies Howship’s lacunae?
Osteoclast
Where within the bone are osteoprogenitor cells found?
Periosteum
Where within the bone are osteocytes found?
Lacunae
What connects lacunae?
Canaliculi
What type of connective tissue is most abundant in the bone matrix?
Type 1 collagen. Versus Type II collagen forms hyaline and articular cartilage.
Volkmann’s canals connect what?
Haversian canals
What is an example of a syndesmosis joint?
Distal tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis). Syndesmosis joints are fibrous joints between 2 bones that are only slightly movable.
What is an example of a plane/gliding/arthrodial joint?
Acromioclavicular
Calcaneocuboidal
Carpometacarpal (except jt. of thumb)
Intercarpals
Proximal tibiofibular
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Elbow
Talocrural (ankle) Interphalangeal
Mandible
Knee
What is an example of a condylar joint?
Metacarpophalangeal
Atlanto-occipital
What is an example of a ball and socket joint?
Hip
Shoulder
What is an example of an ellipsoidal joint?
Wrist
What is an example of a pivot/trochoid joint?
Distal radioulnar
Atlas/axis
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb (between trapezium and MC1)
What is an example of a symphysis joint?
Pubic symphysis
What type of joint forms the fibrous union between the radius and ulna?
Syndesmosis joint
What type of joint is a cranial suture?
Synarthroid. Synarthroid joints have little or no movement.
Fibrous joints that are either immovable or barely movable are classified as what type of joint?
Synarthrosis
What type of joint is united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage?
Cartilaginous
What type of joint is united by an articular capsule and allows free motion in at least one axis?
Synovial or diarthrodial joint
What are the four main sutures in the skull?
The Coronal, Sagittal, Squamous, and Lambdoid
What suture separates the parietal bone and the temporal bones form the occipital bone?
Lambdoid suture
What suture separates the parietal bones superiorly?
Sagittal suture
What suture separates the parietal bone from the temporal bone laterally?
Squamous suture
What suture separates the frontal bone from parietal bones?
Coronal suture
What forms the bregma landmark?
The intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures
Which bones are considered pneumatized bones (i.e. contain sinuses)?
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
What is the easily palpable, external occipital protuberance on the medial plane between the inferior and superior nuchal lines of the occiput called?
The inion
What bone forms the posterior part of the nasal septum?
Vomer
What bones make up the nasal aperture?
Nasal
Maxilla
Frontal
What makes up the septum?
Vomer
Septal cartilage
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
The inion is associated with which bone?
Occiput
Which bone of the skull has the styloid process?
The temporal bone
What bones make up the hard palate?
Palatine bone
Maxilla
What prominence on the mandible forms the prominence of the chin?
Mental protuberance
What are the articular surfaces involved in the tmj?
Head of condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
What ligament limits post. movement of tmj?
Lateral Temporomandibular ligament. Versus the medial temporomandibular ligament limits inferior mandibular movement.
What passes through the optic canal?
Optic nerve (CNII) and Opthalmic artery
What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Opthalmic veins, sympathetic fibers, CN III, CN IV, CN V1 (ophthalmic nerve), and CN VI
What passes through the mandibular foramen?
Inferior alveolar nerve a branch of CN V3 (mandibular nerve) and the Inferior alveolar artery and vein
What exits through the stylomastoid foramen?
The facial nerve (CN VII) and stylomastoid artery
What passes through the mental foramen?
The mental artery and mental nerve a branch of CN V3 (mandibular nerve)
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
The maxillary nerve (CN V2)
What passes through the foramen ovale?
The mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery
What passes through the supraorbital foramen?
The supraorbital nerve a branch of CN V3 (opthalmic nerve)
What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
The infraorbital nerve a branch of CN V2 (maxillary nerve)
What structures pass through the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery and accompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses
What bones make up the auditory ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What U-shaped bone lies at the level of C3 vertebrae?
Hyoid bone
What makes up the primary curves of the spine?
Thoracic curve
Pelvic (Sacrum/coccyx) curve
What makes up secondary curves of spine?
Cervical curve
Lumbar curve
What type of curve is the lordotic curve?
Secondary
What type of curve is the kyphotic curve?
Primary
Which are the true/movable vertebrae?
Cervicals
Thoracics
Lumbars
What are the false/fixed vertebrae?
Sacrum
Coccyx
What makes up a typical vertebra?
Vertebral body
2 pedicles
2 laminae
4 articular processes
2 Transverse processes
1 spinous process
Which of the cervical vertebrae are atypical?
C1, C2, C7
C1 lacks spinous process, C2 has the unique dens, C7 has the longest spinous process (of all cervical vertebrae).
Which of the thoracic vertebrae are atypical?
T10, T11, T12. T10 has small costal facet (on transverse process) while T11 and T12 don’t have costal facets.
Which of the lumbar vertebrae are atypical?
L5. Unlike other lumbar vertebrae, L5 has a distinct transverse process.
Where is the 1st intervertebral disc found?
Between C2 and C3
Where does head flexion take place?
Between Atlas and occiput
Where does head rotation take place?
Between Atlas and axis
What penetrates the atlanto-occipital membrane?
suboccipital nerve
Vertebral artery
What ligament spans the inside of the vertebral foramen on the posterior side?
Ligamentum flavum
What ligament prevents full rotation of the head?
Alar ligament
What ligament holds the dens in ventral position?
Cruciform
What ligament is found on the dorsal surface of the inside of the vertebral foramen?
Ligamentum flavum
What ligaments join tips of vertebral spines?
Supraspinous ligs.
What ligaments span between vertebral spines?
Interspinous ligaments
What forms the boundary for the intervertebral foramen?
Superior and inferior vertebral notch
What is contained within the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal nerve
Intervertebral artery and vein
Intervertebral lymphatic vessels
Adipose tissue
Peripheral nerve roots and meningeal sleeves
What vessels and nerves pass through the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal nerve
Intervertebral artery and vein
Intervertebral lymphatic vessels
What passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
The vertebral artery and vein
The vertebral artery does not pass through the transverse foramina of which cervical vertebra?
C7
Which CNs pass through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI
How many articulations are there between a typical rib and vertebrae?
Three: head of rib articulates with 2 vertebral bodies; tubercle on neck of rib articulates with 1 tvp
What ligament is involved with the head of the rib connecting with the vertebral body?
The radiate ligament
How many true ribs are there?
Seven. True ribs refer to ribs directly attached to the sternum (and not via cartilage).
What constitutes a true rib?
The first 7 ribs that are attached to the sternum by their own costal cartilage
Which ribs are called vertebrochondral ribs?
Ribs 8, 9 and 10
Which ribs are typical ribs?
Ribs 3 to 9
What constitutes a typical rib?
They contain a head, a tubercle and a shaft (a.k.a. a body)
Which is the most curved, broadest and shortest rib?
Rib 1
What attaches to the scalene tubercle on the 1st rib?
The anterior scalene muscle
What passes through the groves anterior and posterior to the scalene tubercle on the 1st rib?
Anterior groove = The subclavian vein
Posterior groove = The subclavian artery and lower brachial plexus
Which ribs have only one facet each on their heads?
Ribs 1, 10, 11 and 12
What structure gives elasticity to the thoracic wall?
Costal cartilage
True or False: There is a cervical rib?
True, it occurs in 0.5% of the population and arises from the 7th cervical vertebra’s transverse process.
What is the name of the structure produced by the meeting of the manubrium and the body of the sternum?
The angle of Louis, aka the sternal angle
What part of the sternum lies at the level of T3 and T4?
Manubrium
What portion of the sternum lies at the level of T10?
Xyphoid
Give the landmarks for when the trachea begins and ends?
It begins at 6th cervical vertebra and extends to the level of the sternal angle
What joint forms the junction of the xiphoid and the sternum?
Xiphisternal joint
What are the 3 angles of the scapula?
Inferior
Superior
Lateral
What are the 4 fossa on the scapula?
Supraspinatus fossa
Infraspinatus fossa
Subscapular fossa
Glenoid cavity
What are the 2 tubercles on the scapula that are superior and inferior of the glenoid cavity?
Supraglenoid tubercle
Infraglenoid tubercle
What lateral continuation of the spine of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
Acromion
What 2 ligaments make up the capsular ligaments of the shoulder?
Coracohumeral ligament
Glenohumeral ligament
What is the chief bracing ligament of the acromial end of the clavicle?
Coracoclavicular ligament
What ligament prevents superior displacement of the humeral head?
Coracoacromial
Superior displacement of the humerus will likely damage what ligament?
The acromioclavicular ligament
What provides the main stability for the glenohumeral joint?
Rotator cuff tendons
What muscles make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
What ligament of the elbow does the ulnar nerve pass through?
The ulnar collateral ligament
What ligament holds the head of the radius in position in the proximal radioulnar joint?
Annular ligament
The radius articulates with which 3 carpal bones to form the radiocarpal joint?
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
What ligament attaches to the ulnar styloid process and the radius to provide support for the distal radioulnar joint and preventing the ulna from touching the wrist joint?
Articular disc
Which bone of the forearm takes on the weight bearing function in the wrist?
The radius
Which fingers have sesamoid bones?
Digits 1, 2, 5
Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the knee?
Anterior cruciate ligament
Which ligament prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia?
Anterior cruciate ligament
Which ligament prevents anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia?
Posterior cruciate ligament
Which of the collateral ligaments of the knee is extracapsular?
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
What ligament attaches to the tibial tuberosity?
The patellar ligament
Ligament of the head of the femur is also known as what?
Ligamentum teres
Which of the collateral ligaments is attached to which of the menisci?
The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial/medial collateral ligament
Which ligament of the knee limit side to side movement?
Collateral ligaments
Which bursa of the knee facilitates full flexion and extension?
Suprapatellar
Which bursa of the knee is associated with housemaid’s knee and permits movement of skin over the patella during leg movement?
Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
Which bursa is associated with clergyman’s knee?
Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
What bones are joined by the spring ligament?
Calcaneus (sustentaculum tali)
navicular (medial side of foot)
What ligament prevents the talus from wedging bones apart?
The spring ligament
The ankle/talocrural joint is supported by what ligament on the medial side?
The deltoid ligament
What ligaments support the lateral aspect of the talocrural/ankle joint?
Anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments
Calcaneofibular ligament
During what movement is the ankle joint most unstable?
During plantar flexion (moving foot away from the body!)
Which ligaments are most likely to be injured with forced inversion (turning sole of foot medially)?
Anterior and posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Which of the talofibular ligaments is least likely to tear?
Posterior talofibular ligament
Inversion and eversion of the ankle occurs at which joints?
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Talocalcaneal joint
What ligament supports the longitudinal arch?
Spring ligament
Which toe has sesamoid bones?
Big toe
What does the orbicularis oculi muscle do?
Closes eye
What muscle elevates, adducts and rotates eyeball medially?
Superior rectus
What muscle depresses, adducts and rotates eyeball medially?
Inferior rectus
What muscle abducts the eyeball?
Lateral rectus
What muscle adducts the eyeball?
Medial rectus
What muscle abducts, depresses and rotates eyeball medially?
Superior oblique
What muscle abducts, elevates and rotates eyeball laterally?
Inferior oblique
What muscle elevates the upper eyelid?
Levator palpebrae
What eye muscles are innervated by CN iii?
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae
What eye muscles are innervated by CN IV?
Superior oblique
What muscles are innervated by CN VI?
Lateral rectus
What 2 muscles open the mouth?
Digastric
Lateral pterygoid
What 3 muscles close the mouth?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
What muscles make up the pillars of the fauces?
Palatoglossal
Palatopharyngeal
What are the muscles of swallowing?
The constrictor group
What nerves innervate swallowing?
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) and CN X (Vagus)
What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Alter shape of tongue
What muscle sticks tongue out?
Genioglossus
What muscle pulls tongue back into mouth?
Styloglossus
What muscle elevates tongue?
Palatoglossus
What muscle depresses tongue?
Hyoglossus
What does palatopharyngeus do?
It raises the tongue to the palate.
Which of the muscles that moves the tongue is innervated by cnx (Vagus)?
Palatoglossus
What nerve innervates most of the motor actions of the tongue?
CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve)
What innervates touch of the ant. 2/3 of the tongue?
Lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
What innervates taste of ant. 2/3 of tongue?
CN VII (Facial nerve), chordatympani branch
What innervates touch and taste for the post. 1/3 of tongue?
CN IX (glossopharangeal)
What do tensor palati and levator palati do?
Raise and tauten the soft palate
CN VII, the facial nerve, has partial inneration of which of the muscles of mastication?
Digastric
What is the main nerve for muscles of mastication?
CN V3 (mandibular nerve)
What does palatopharyngeus muscle do?
Depresses the soft palate
Which muscle elevates the larynx?
Stylopharyngeus
What does the salpingopharyngeus muscle do?
Opens the auditory tube
What are the functions of the scm?
Rotation, flexion and lateral bending of the head/neck
What muscles make up the supra hyoid group?
Stylohyoid
Digastric
Myolohyoid
Geniohyoid
What muscles make up the infrahyoid group?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
What group of muscles depresses the larynx and hyoid bone?
Infrahyoids
What group of muscles raises larynx and hyoid bone?
Suprahyoids
Which muscles close the epiglottis?
Aryepiglottis
Thyroepiglottis
Oblique arytenoid
Which muscles are involved in vocalization?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Arytenoid
Which muscle lengthens and thus causes a lower pitch?
Cricothyroid
What muscles shorten and thus cause a higher pitch?
Thyroarytenoid and vocalis
What nerve innervates motor to the cricothyroid muscle?
Superior laryngeal nerve
What nerve innervates to the remaining laryngeal muscles?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What muscle of the neck connects the cervical vertebrae?
Longus colli
Which of the prevertebral muscles attach atlas to occiput?
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis
What suboccipital muscles attach atlas to occiput?
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Superior oblique
What suboccipital muscles attach axis to the occiput?
Rectus capitis posterior major
What suboccipital muscle attaches atlas to axis?
Inferior oblique
What muscles make erector spinae group?
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Which of the erector spinae is closest to the spine?
Spinalis
What muscles make up the transversospinalis group?
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
What muscles flex the neck?
Longus colli
Longus capitis
Rectus capitis anterior
scm
What muscles laterally flex the neck?
Rectus capitis lateralis
scm
The brachial plexus emerges from which muscles?
Anterior and medial scalene
What muscles raise the ribs causing inhalation?
External intercostals
What muscles help with exhalation?
Internal intercostals
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
What forms the anterior border of the axilla?
Pectoralis major and minor
What forms the posterior border of the axilla?
Subscapularis
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
What forms the medial wall of the axilla?
Serratus anterior
What 3 muscles flex the humerus?
Pectoralis major
Deltoid
Coracobrachialis
What 3 muscles extend the humerus?
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Deltoid
What 2 muscles abduct the humerus?
Middle deltoid
Supraspinatus
What 3 muscles adduct the humerus?
Pec major
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
What 3 muscles laterally rotate the humerus?
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Posterior deltoid
What 5 muscles medially rotate the humerus?
Pec major
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Subscapularis
Anterior deltoid
What 4 muscles flex the forearm?
Biceps
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
What 2 muscles extend the forearm?
Triceps
Anconeus
What 2 muscles pronate the forearm?
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
What 2 muscles supinate the forearm?
Supinator
Biceps
What action does serratus anterior produce?
Protraction and rotation of scapula
What nerve passes over the anatomical snuff box?
The superficial radial nerve
What makes up the Anatomical snuffbox?
Scaphoid, Abductor policis longus, Extensor policis longus, Radial artery (remember with the acronym saber)
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Ulnar nerve
What are the muscles that give us a power grip?
Forearm flexors
What nerve innervates the power grip muscles?
Median nerve
Wrist drop will occur with damage to which nerve?
Radial nerve (nerve to all the wrist extensors)
Damage to what nerve causes claw hand?
Ulnar nerve damage results in a loss of innervation to the interossei and lumbricals.
Which fingers are most affected in a claw hand deformity?
The 4th and 5th
Damage to what nerve causes Papal benediction?
Median nerve
What provides the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum
Do you get any loss of cutaneous sensation with carpal tunnel syndrome?
No because the ulnar nerve and the cutaneous branch of the meidan nerve do not pass through the carpal tunnel
What makes up the border of the tunnel of guyon?
Pisiform and hook of hamate
What muscle elevates the testes?
Cremaster
The inguinal ligament is the lower free edge of what muscle?
External oblique
What muscles of the abdomen attach to the linea alba?
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Which abdominal muscle flexes the spine?
Rectus abdominis
The lowest tendinous fibers of transversus abdominis and internal oblique that attaches to the pubic crest and pectineal line is known as what?
Conjoint tendon
What weakens to form a direct hernia?
Conjoint tendon
What happens in an indirect hernia?
Protrusion of the intestine through the inguinal canal
What muscle raises the pelvic floor, supports pelvic viscera and controls defecation via elevation of the anal canal?
Levator ani
What attaches to the pubic bone?
Adductor group
Pectineus (Pectineal line) Gracilis
What attaches to the ischial tuberosity?
Hamstrings
What attaches to the axis?
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
tfl
What forms the borders of the femoral triangle?
Sartorius
Adductor longus
Inguinal ligament
What forms the pes anserina?
Gracilis
Sartorius
Semitendinosus
What attaches to the greater trochanter?
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gamellus superior
Gamellus inferior
Gluteus Maximus, medius, minimus
What muscles flex the knee?
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
What muscles extend the knee?
Quadriceps
What laterally rotates knee?
Biceps femoris
What medially rotates the knee?
Semimembrinosus
Semitendinosus
What attaches to the lesser trochanter?
Iliopsoas
What attaches to the tibial tuberosity?
Rectus femoris
What are the nine muscles that attach to the fibula?
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Soleus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
Biceps femoris
What 3 muscles dorsiflex the foot? What is the innervation?
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Innervated by the deep peroneal nerve
What 2 muscles invert the foot?
Tibialis anterior: Deep peroneal nerve
Tibialis posterior: Tibial nerve
What 3 muscles evert the foot?
Peroneus tertius: deep peroneal nerve
Peroneus longus: superficial peroneal nerve
Peroneus brevis: superficial peroneal nerve
What 5 muscles plantarflex the foot? What is the innervation?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Innervated by the tibial nerve
What dorsiflexes the toes? What is the innervation?
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor hallucis longus
Innervated by the deep peroneal nerve
What passes posterior to the lateral malleolus?
Peroneus longus tendon
Peroneus brevis tendon
What passes posterior to the medial malleolus?
Tibial artery, vein and nerve
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
What are the two branches of the tibial nerve?
Medial plantar nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Muscles and Actions of the Hip Movers - Flexors
Illiopsoas
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
1/2 of pectineus
Innervated by Femoral nerve
Muscles and Actions of the Hip Movers - Extensors
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Innervation by Sciatic nerve (exception: gluteus maximus is innervated by inferior gluteal nerve)
Muscles and Actions of the Hip Movers - Abductors
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
T.F.L
Innervation by Sup. gluteal nerve
Muscles and Actions of the Hip Movers - Adductors
Pectineus
Gracilis
Adductor group: Longus, Magnus, Brevis
Innervation by Obturator nerve
Muscles and Actions of the Hip Movers - Medial rotators
T.F.L.
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Semi-membranosus
Semi-tendinosus
Muscles and Actions of the Hip Movers - Lateral rotators
Gluteus maximus
Obturators
Gamellis
Quadriceps femoris
Piriformis
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
