Immunological System Pathology 1 - Clinical Immunology Flashcards
Hla-B27 is associated with what condition?
Ankylosing spondylitis
Hla-DR4 is associated with what conditions?
Rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes
What are the three types of anti-receptor antibodies?
(1) Anti-receptor antibodies that activate the receptor
(2) Anti-receptor antibodies that block the receptor
(3) Anti-receptor antibodies that bind without receptor interference
What is a classic example of blockage by antireceptor antibodies?
Myasthenia gravis, in which antibodies are formed against the acetylcholine receptor, interfering with normal muscle function
What is an example of a condition caused by activating anti-receptor antibodies?
Graves’ disease, in which the tsh receptor is activated without regard to amount of thyroid hormone
How do autoimmune diseases occur?
Loss of immune system tolerance for self-antigen or cross-reaction
What autoimmune disease affects the epithelial desmosomes?
Pempgius
Patients with Sjogren’s disease have a 40 times greater risk of developing what condition?
Lymphoma
What occurs with progressive systemic scleroderma?
The epidermis of the skin atrophies and the dermis thickens and fibrosis develops at the corners of the mouth
What symptoms occur in the crest form of scleroderma?
(1) Calcification
(2) Raynaud’s phenomenon
(3) Esophageal dysphagia
(4) Sclerodactyly
(5) Telangiectasia
How do polymyositis and dermatomyositis typically develop?
Both develop immune-mediated muscle inflammation and vascular damage. In polymyositis, the immune system acts against unrecognized muscle antigens. In dermatomyositis, endomysial vessels and the microvasculature of the dermis are damaged by complement
Rheumatoid arthritis is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Agammaglobulinemia is an immune system defect causing an absence or low level of the gamma fraction of serum globulin, predisposing individuals to what types of conditions?
Frequent infections of the mucous membranes, sinuses, eyes, ears, airways, GI tract, and lungs
Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (cvid) have impaired antibody responses and a marked reduction in the serum levels of what immunoglobulins?
IgG and IgA, and more than half have reduced IgM
What is the most common of the immunodeficiency diseases?
IgA deficiency
What types of conditions are associated with IgA deficiency?
(1) Recurrent ear infections, sinusitis, pneumonia
(2) Allergies
(3) Asthma
(4) Food allergies
(5) Certain autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and SLE
What is DiGeorge’s syndrome?
A developmental issue results in thymic hypoplasia and therefore a T-cell deficiency
What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
A genetic error results in B cells not being able to develop beyond the pre-B cell stage which means a lack of circulating antibodies
What types of infections would a person with X-linked agammaglobulinemia not be able to clear?
Extracellular bacterial infections
What are the characteristics of severe combined immunodeficiency (scid)?
(1) Thymus atrophy
(2) Lack of delayed hypersensitivity
(3) Susceptibility to bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal infections and infections from live vaccines
What are the early symptoms of HIV infection?
An acute illness similar to mononucleosis and persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
What organisms are known to cause opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS?
Pneumocystis carinii
Cytomegalovirus
Candida
Cryptosporidium
Toxoplasma
What is a fast-growing opportunistic disease in AIDS patients?
Kaposi’s sarcoma
The analysis and identification of DNA, RNA, and proteins via a blotting tool are called what?
DNA identification is called a Southern blot
RNA identification is called a Northern blot
Protein identification is called a Western blot
