Immunological System Pathology 1 - Clinical Immunology

Question 1

Hla-B27 is associated with what condition?

Answer 1

Ankylosing spondylitis

Question 2

Hla-DR4 is associated with what conditions?

Answer 2

Rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes

Question 3

What are the three types of anti-receptor antibodies?

Answer 3

(1) Anti-receptor antibodies that activate the receptor

(2) Anti-receptor antibodies that block the receptor

(3) Anti-receptor antibodies that bind without receptor interference

Question 4

What is a classic example of blockage by antireceptor antibodies?

Answer 4

Myasthenia gravis, in which antibodies are formed against the acetylcholine receptor, interfering with normal muscle function

Question 5

What is an example of a condition caused by activating anti-receptor antibodies?

Answer 5

Graves’ disease, in which the tsh receptor is activated without regard to amount of thyroid hormone

Question 6

How do autoimmune diseases occur?

Answer 6

Loss of immune system tolerance for self-antigen or cross-reaction

Question 7

What autoimmune disease affects the epithelial desmosomes?

Answer 7

Pempgius

Question 8

Patients with Sjogren’s disease have a 40 times greater risk of developing what condition?

Answer 8

Lymphoma

Question 9

What occurs with progressive systemic scleroderma?

Answer 9

The epidermis of the skin atrophies and the dermis thickens and fibrosis develops at the corners of the mouth

Question 10

What symptoms occur in the crest form of scleroderma?

Answer 10

(1) Calcification

(2) Raynaud’s phenomenon

(3) Esophageal dysphagia

(4) Sclerodactyly

(5) Telangiectasia

Question 11

How do polymyositis and dermatomyositis typically develop?

Answer 11

Both develop immune-mediated muscle inflammation and vascular damage. In polymyositis, the immune system acts against unrecognized muscle antigens. In dermatomyositis, endomysial vessels and the microvasculature of the dermis are damaged by complement

Question 12

Rheumatoid arthritis is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 12

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

Question 13

Agammaglobulinemia is an immune system defect causing an absence or low level of the gamma fraction of serum globulin, predisposing individuals to what types of conditions?

Answer 13

Frequent infections of the mucous membranes, sinuses, eyes, ears, airways, GI tract, and lungs

Question 14

Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (cvid) have impaired antibody responses and a marked reduction in the serum levels of what immunoglobulins?

Answer 14

IgG and IgA, and more than half have reduced IgM

Question 15

What is the most common of the immunodeficiency diseases?

Answer 15

IgA deficiency

Question 16

What types of conditions are associated with IgA deficiency?

Answer 16

(1) Recurrent ear infections, sinusitis, pneumonia

(2) Allergies

(3) Asthma

(4) Food allergies

(5) Certain autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and SLE

Question 17

What is DiGeorge’s syndrome?

Answer 17

A developmental issue results in thymic hypoplasia and therefore a T-cell deficiency

Question 18

What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia?

Answer 18

A genetic error results in B cells not being able to develop beyond the pre-B cell stage which means a lack of circulating antibodies

Question 19

What types of infections would a person with X-linked agammaglobulinemia not be able to clear?

Answer 19

Extracellular bacterial infections

Question 20

What are the characteristics of severe combined immunodeficiency (scid)?

Answer 20

(1) Thymus atrophy

(2) Lack of delayed hypersensitivity

(3) Susceptibility to bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal infections and infections from live vaccines

Question 21

What are the early symptoms of HIV infection?

Answer 21

An acute illness similar to mononucleosis and persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

Question 22

What organisms are known to cause opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS?

Answer 22

Pneumocystis carinii

Cytomegalovirus

Candida

Cryptosporidium

Toxoplasma

Question 23

What is a fast-growing opportunistic disease in AIDS patients?

Answer 23

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 24

The analysis and identification of DNA, RNA, and proteins via a blotting tool are called what?

Answer 24

DNA identification is called a Southern blot

RNA identification is called a Northern blot

Protein identification is called a Western blot