Integumentary System Pathology 1 - Basic Pathology, Cellular Adaptation and Injury Flashcards
What is it called when cells increase in size?
Hypertrophy
What are the 2 ways a cell undergoes hypertrophy?
In response to increased hormones
In response to increased functional demand
What is hyperplasia?
A condition whereby the number of actual cells increase
What are the 3 ways hyperplasia develops?
In response to functional changes
In response to persistent cell injury
Increased hormones
What is it called when a cell shrinks in size?
Atrophy
What are some of the reasons for atrophy?
Cells shrink in size in response to:
Persistent injury or pressure
Decreased workload
Loss of innervation
Lack of blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Which type of muscle can undergo hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and atrophy?
Smooth muscle
What is it called when one type of tissue converts into another type?
Metaplasia
What is a common cause of metaplasia?
Persistent injury
What is a loss of blood flow called?
Ischemia
What is a lack of blood flow to a tissue called?
Hypoxia
What is one of the most common causes of cell injury and degeneration?
Lack of oxygen
What are three ways that reduced ATP production from low oxygen in the tissues can cause tissue and cell damage?
(1) Increase in anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) leading to an increase in lactic acid and a decrease in pH
(2) Failure of ATP-dependent sodium potassium pump that increases the osmolarity of the cell and causes cloudy swelling of the cell, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.
(3) Failure of ATP-dependent calcium pump, which allows an increase in intracellular calcium.
What is necrosis?
The degradation that happens to cellular tissue after cell death, usually from irreversible cell injury.
What is the most common type of necrosis?
Coagulative necrosis
What do you call the necrosis that is marked by destruction of tissue by lysosomal enzymes?
Liquefactive necrosis
What type of necrosis is commonly seen with tuberculosis granulomas, which is marked by a soft-cheese like transformation of the tissue?
Caseous necrosis
What type of necrosis is most often associated with the lower limbs and ischemia?
Gangrenous necrosis
What type of necrosis is a complication of pancreatitis?
Enzymatic fat necrosis
What other type of tissue is affected by enzymatic fat necrosis?
Breast tissue
What is amyloidosis?
The inappropriate deposition of protein into tissue
What do you call the brown granules representing lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion?
Lipofuscin
What type of pigmentation is caused by the oxidation products of tyrosine in intracellular organelles in epidermal cells?
Melanin
What is programmed cell death called?
Apoptosis
True or False: Apoptosis can be triggered intrinsically or extrinsically?
True, extracellular signals can be from nitric acid or toxins and intracellular signals can come from a lack of growth factors
What pathway does intrinsic apoptosis use?
Intrinsic apoptosis signals result in mitochondrial permeability with the release of death inducing proteins into the cytoplasm
What pathway does extrinsic apoptosis use?
Extrinsic apoptosis signals result in the initiation of death receptors in the plasma membrane
What are death receptors in the plasma membrane?
Death receptors are comprised of members of the TNF receptor family, which have an intracellular domain involving protein-protein interactions which initiates the apoptotic cascade.
What is the name for the intracellular domain for protein-protein interactions that when activated initiates the apoptotic signal intracellularly?
The death domain
What do the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways share in common?
They both initiate the caspase enzymes which activate apoptosis and inflammation.
