Integumentary System Pathology 1 - Basic Pathology, Cellular Adaptation and Injury

Question 1

What is it called when cells increase in size?

Answer 1

Hypertrophy

Question 2

What are the 2 ways a cell undergoes hypertrophy?

Answer 2

In response to increased hormones

In response to increased functional demand

Question 3

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 3

A condition whereby the number of actual cells increase

Question 4

What are the 3 ways hyperplasia develops?

Answer 4

In response to functional changes

In response to persistent cell injury

Increased hormones

Question 5

What is it called when a cell shrinks in size?

Answer 5

Atrophy

Question 6

What are some of the reasons for atrophy?

Answer 6

Cells shrink in size in response to:

Persistent injury or pressure

Decreased workload

Loss of innervation

Lack of blood supply

Inadequate nutrition

Loss of endocrine stimulation

Question 7

Which type of muscle can undergo hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and atrophy?

Answer 7

Smooth muscle

Question 8

What is it called when one type of tissue converts into another type?

Answer 8

Metaplasia

Question 9

What is a common cause of metaplasia?

Answer 9

Persistent injury

Question 10

What is a loss of blood flow called?

Answer 10

Ischemia

Question 11

What is a lack of blood flow to a tissue called?

Answer 11

Hypoxia

Question 12

What is one of the most common causes of cell injury and degeneration?

Answer 12

Lack of oxygen

Question 13

What are three ways that reduced ATP production from low oxygen in the tissues can cause tissue and cell damage?

Answer 13

(1) Increase in anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) leading to an increase in lactic acid and a decrease in pH

(2) Failure of ATP-dependent sodium potassium pump that increases the osmolarity of the cell and causes cloudy swelling of the cell, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.

(3) Failure of ATP-dependent calcium pump, which allows an increase in intracellular calcium.

Question 14

What is necrosis?

Answer 14

The degradation that happens to cellular tissue after cell death, usually from irreversible cell injury.

Question 15

What is the most common type of necrosis?

Answer 15

Coagulative necrosis

Question 16

What do you call the necrosis that is marked by destruction of tissue by lysosomal enzymes?

Answer 16

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 17

What type of necrosis is commonly seen with tuberculosis granulomas, which is marked by a soft-cheese like transformation of the tissue?

Answer 17

Caseous necrosis

Question 18

What type of necrosis is most often associated with the lower limbs and ischemia?

Answer 18

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 19

What type of necrosis is a complication of pancreatitis?

Answer 19

Enzymatic fat necrosis

Question 20

What other type of tissue is affected by enzymatic fat necrosis?

Answer 20

Breast tissue

Question 21

What is amyloidosis?

Answer 21

The inappropriate deposition of protein into tissue

Question 22

What do you call the brown granules representing lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion?

Answer 22

Lipofuscin

Question 23

What type of pigmentation is caused by the oxidation products of tyrosine in intracellular organelles in epidermal cells?

Answer 23

Melanin

Question 24

What is programmed cell death called?

Answer 24

Apoptosis

Question 25

True or False: Apoptosis can be triggered intrinsically or extrinsically?

Answer 25

True, extracellular signals can be from nitric acid or toxins and intracellular signals can come from a lack of growth factors

Question 26

What pathway does intrinsic apoptosis use?

Answer 26

Intrinsic apoptosis signals result in mitochondrial permeability with the release of death inducing proteins into the cytoplasm

Question 27

What pathway does extrinsic apoptosis use?

Answer 27

Extrinsic apoptosis signals result in the initiation of death receptors in the plasma membrane

Question 28

What are death receptors in the plasma membrane?

Answer 28

Death receptors are comprised of members of the TNF receptor family, which have an intracellular domain involving protein-protein interactions which initiates the apoptotic cascade.

Question 29

What is the name for the intracellular domain for protein-protein interactions that when activated initiates the apoptotic signal intracellularly?

Answer 29

The death domain

Question 30

What do the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways share in common?

Answer 30

They both initiate the caspase enzymes which activate apoptosis and inflammation.