Hematopoietic System Pathology 1

Question 1

What is the vector for malaria?

Answer 1

Anopheles spp. mosquitoes

Question 2

What do Plasmodium spp. cause?

Answer 2

Malaria

Question 3

Which X-linked disorder is associated with a 99% loss of Factor viii?

Answer 3

Hemophilia A

Question 4

What does anemia cause in tissues?

Answer 4

Hypoxia (low oxygen)

Question 5

What are general signs and symptoms of anemia?

Answer 5

(1) Shortness of breath (dyspnea) with exertion

(2) Fatigue

(3) Lightheadedness or dizziness

(4) Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

(5) Headache

Question 6

What may result from long-term anemia?

Answer 6

(1) Pallor

(2) Increased heart rate (tachycardia)

(3) Systolic ejection murmur

(4) Orthostatic hypotension

Question 7

What causes iron-deficiency anemia?

Answer 7

(1) Chronic blood loss

(2) Increased need for blood and oxygen

(3) Decreased iron intake from poor absorption or dietary deficiency

Question 8

What causes macrocytic anemia?

Answer 8

(1) Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency (these affect proper DNA synthesis)

(2) Malabsorption

Question 9

Hemophilia is a genetic absence of what substances?

Answer 9

Hemophilia A: Factor viii

Hemophilia B: Factor IX

Question 10

What are the symptoms of macrocytic anemia?

Answer 10

Glossitis, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, depression and paranoia

Question 11

What causes pernicious anemia?

Answer 11

Lack of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach

Question 12

What are the two specific symptoms of hemolysis?

Answer 12

(1) Jaundice, from unconjugated bilirubin in the blood

(2) Hemosiderosis, the deposition of iron

Question 13

What cause red blood cell hemolysis?

Answer 13

(1) Mechanical trauma to cells

(2) Complement induced damage

(3) Extravascular hemolysis

Question 14

What are the most common forms of thalassemia in the Mediterranean and the United States?

Answer 14

Beta-thalassemias

Question 15

What are the most common forms of thalassemia in Southeast Asia?

Answer 15

Alpha-thalassemias

Question 16

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

Answer 16

A genetic defect affecting northern Europeans in which spherical red blood cells become trapped in the spleen and destroyed

Question 17

What is Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency?

Answer 17

It is an X-linked disorder that causes hemolytic anemia with oxidative stress

Question 18

What causes aplastic anemia?

Answer 18

(1) Toxic exposure, such as radiation

(2) Chemicals

(3) Therapeutic drugs

(4) Viral infection

(5) Idiopathic causes

Aplastic anemia occurs when the body stops producing enough blood cells.

Question 19

What is polycythemia vera?

Answer 19

Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder in which there is an increase in circulating red blood cells caused by neoplastic clonal proliferation in the marrow

Question 20

What are the characteristics of acute forms of leukemia?

Answer 20

Acute leukemias have more poorly differentiated blast cells circulating

Question 21

What are the characteristics of chronic forms of leukemia?

Answer 21

Chronic forms of leukemias have more differentiated cells in circulation and are diagnosed more frequently in older adults

Question 22

What is a common laboratory finding in the diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer 22

Philadelphia chromosome

Question 23

What are the characteristics of multiple myeloma?

Answer 23

(1) Malignant neoplasm of B-lymphocytes

(2) Affects 50-60 year olds

(3) Punched out, lytic lesions in bone causing bone pain and fractures

(4) Hypercalcemia from resorbed bone

(5) Bacterial infections

(6) Presence of Bence Jones proteins and renal failure

Question 24

What is the name of the multi-nucleated giant cells found in Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Answer 24

Reed-Sternberg cells

Question 25

What type of lymphoma affecting B-cells has an African and an American form?

Answer 25

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Burkitt’s lymphoma)

Question 26

What is the most common hereditary clotting problem?

Answer 26

von Willebrand’s Disease

Question 27

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of what clotting factors in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 27

Factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X

Question 28

What is the most common cause of abnormal bleeding?

Answer 28

Thrombocytopenia. This occurs when there is a lack of platelets (thus causing abnormal bleeding).

Question 29

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 29

A fall in platelets to below 70,000/μL, for which there are many potential causes. These include bone marrow damage, congenital problems, nutritional deficiencies, or increased destruction of platelets.

Question 30

When does disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) occur?

Answer 30

After uncontrolled activation of clotting factors and fibrinolytic enzymes, often following major tissue damage from burns, sepsis, or complications of pregnancy.