Hematopoietic System Pathology 1 Flashcards
What is the vector for malaria?
Anopheles spp. mosquitoes
What do Plasmodium spp. cause?
Malaria
Which X-linked disorder is associated with a 99% loss of Factor viii?
Hemophilia A
What does anemia cause in tissues?
Hypoxia (low oxygen)
What are general signs and symptoms of anemia?
(1) Shortness of breath (dyspnea) with exertion
(2) Fatigue
(3) Lightheadedness or dizziness
(4) Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
(5) Headache
What may result from long-term anemia?
(1) Pallor
(2) Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
(3) Systolic ejection murmur
(4) Orthostatic hypotension
What causes iron-deficiency anemia?
(1) Chronic blood loss
(2) Increased need for blood and oxygen
(3) Decreased iron intake from poor absorption or dietary deficiency
What causes macrocytic anemia?
(1) Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency (these affect proper DNA synthesis)
(2) Malabsorption
Hemophilia is a genetic absence of what substances?
Hemophilia A: Factor viii
Hemophilia B: Factor IX
What are the symptoms of macrocytic anemia?
Glossitis, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, depression and paranoia
What causes pernicious anemia?
Lack of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach
What are the two specific symptoms of hemolysis?
(1) Jaundice, from unconjugated bilirubin in the blood
(2) Hemosiderosis, the deposition of iron
What cause red blood cell hemolysis?
(1) Mechanical trauma to cells
(2) Complement induced damage
(3) Extravascular hemolysis
What are the most common forms of thalassemia in the Mediterranean and the United States?
Beta-thalassemias
What are the most common forms of thalassemia in Southeast Asia?
Alpha-thalassemias
What is hereditary spherocytosis?
A genetic defect affecting northern Europeans in which spherical red blood cells become trapped in the spleen and destroyed
What is Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
It is an X-linked disorder that causes hemolytic anemia with oxidative stress
What causes aplastic anemia?
(1) Toxic exposure, such as radiation
(2) Chemicals
(3) Therapeutic drugs
(4) Viral infection
(5) Idiopathic causes
Aplastic anemia occurs when the body stops producing enough blood cells.
What is polycythemia vera?
Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder in which there is an increase in circulating red blood cells caused by neoplastic clonal proliferation in the marrow
What are the characteristics of acute forms of leukemia?
Acute leukemias have more poorly differentiated blast cells circulating
What are the characteristics of chronic forms of leukemia?
Chronic forms of leukemias have more differentiated cells in circulation and are diagnosed more frequently in older adults
What is a common laboratory finding in the diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Philadelphia chromosome
What are the characteristics of multiple myeloma?
(1) Malignant neoplasm of B-lymphocytes
(2) Affects 50-60 year olds
(3) Punched out, lytic lesions in bone causing bone pain and fractures
(4) Hypercalcemia from resorbed bone
(5) Bacterial infections
(6) Presence of Bence Jones proteins and renal failure
What is the name of the multi-nucleated giant cells found in Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells
What type of lymphoma affecting B-cells has an African and an American form?
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Burkitt’s lymphoma)
What is the most common hereditary clotting problem?
von Willebrand’s Disease
Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of what clotting factors in the coagulation cascade?
Factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X
What is the most common cause of abnormal bleeding?
Thrombocytopenia. This occurs when there is a lack of platelets (thus causing abnormal bleeding).
What is thrombocytopenia?
A fall in platelets to below 70,000/μL, for which there are many potential causes. These include bone marrow damage, congenital problems, nutritional deficiencies, or increased destruction of platelets.
When does disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) occur?
After uncontrolled activation of clotting factors and fibrinolytic enzymes, often following major tissue damage from burns, sepsis, or complications of pregnancy.
