GI System Anatomy 1 Flashcards
To which bones are the teeth attached?
The superior teeth attaches to the maxilla
The inferior teeth attach to the mandible
How many permanent teeth are there?
Thirty-two
How many deciduous teeth are there?
Twenty
What nerve supplies the teeth?
The superior and inferior alveolar nerves
What glandular duct opens at level of 2nd maxillary molars?
Parotid gland
What innervates touch and taste for the epiglottis?
CN X (vagus)
What nerve innervates the upper 1/3 of the striate muscle of the esophagus?
Vagus (CN X)
Where does peristalsis occur in the esophagus?
Inferior 2/3
What passes through the diaphragm?
The esophagus
The aorta
Inferior vena cava
At what spinal level are the aortic opening, esophageal opening, and the caval opening (i.e. where the inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve pass through) in the diaphragm?
Aortic opening at T12
The esophageal opening at T10
The caval opening at T8
True or False: The diaphragm, external and internal intercostals and transverse thoracic muscle are all innervated by the intercostal nerves.
False, the diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve and the other 3 are innervated by the intercostal nerves.
What organs are retroperitoneal?
Duodenum
Ascending and descending colon
Kidney
Pancreas (at least part of it)
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
Right
Left
Quadrate
Caudate
What tunnels through liver to collect filtered blood?
Inferior vena cava
What does the hepatic triad consist of?
Hepatic artery
Hepatic vein
Bile duct
Where does the liver tissue get its blood from?
Hepatic artery from the celiac trunk
What separates the right from the left lobe of the liver?
Falciform ligament
What attaches the liver to the abdominal wall?
Round ligament
What is the name of the transverse fissure where ducts and vessels enter and leave the liver on the visceral surface between the caudate and quadrate lobes?
Porta hepatis
What are the 2 sources of blood for the liver?
Hepatic artery
Portal vein
What separates the quadrate lobe of the liver from the left lobe on visceral surface?
Ligamentum teres
Where is the main site of unconjugated bilirubin production?
Spleen. Unconjugated bilirubin (aka indirect bilirubin) travels from the bloodstream into the liver. This form is not water soluble. Conjugated bilirubin (aka direct bilirubin) is converted in the liver from unconjugated bilirubin. This water soluble molecule turns into bile when it enters into the small intestines.
How is unconjugated bilirubin transported in the blood?
It is bound to albumin
Which enzyme is responsible for conjugating bilirubin in the liver?
Glucuronyltransferase
Describe the musculature of the stomach from inside out.
Internal-oblique
Middle-circular
Outer-longitudinal
What stomach cell type secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase?
Chief cells
Stomach D cells secrete what?
Somatostatin
Which stomach cells produce secretions that stimulate HCL production?
G cells and enterochromaffin-like cells
Which stomach cells are predominant in the fundus?
Parietal, chief, and enterochromaffin-like cells
What artery supplies the stomach?
The celiac via the L and R gastric arteries
The greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by which arteries?
R and L gastroepiploic arteries
The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by which arteries?
R and L gastric arteries
What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
Left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic
What organs receive blood from the celiac trunk?
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
What are the 3 main veins that drain into the portal vein?
Splenic
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
What kind of nerves are splanchnic nerves?
Sympathetics
What action do splanchnic nerves have on the stomach?
Decreased peristalsis and acid secretion
What does the celiac ganglion do for the muscle of the stomach?
It provides sympathetic signals to the stomach.
Celiac ganglion contains splanchnic nerves.
What has sympathetic action on the gastric arteries and pyloric sphincter?
Celiac ganglion, which is comprised of the lesser and greater splanchnic nerves
What provides the parasympathetics to the stomach?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
What action do parasympathetics have on the stomach?
Increased peristalsis and acid secretion
What vein drains the stomach?
The gastric vein, which drains into the portal vein
How do pancreatic enzymes enter duodenum?
Through the duodenal papilla
Which part of the S.I. does most of the nutrient absorption?
Jejunum
Which part of the S.I. has larger diameter, larger villi and longer vasa recta (straight arteries)?
Jejunum
Which part of the S.I. has more arterial arcades and more Peyer’s patches?
Ileum
In which part of the S.I. is vitamin B12 absorbed?
Terminal ileum
What artery supplies blood to the S.I.?
Superior mesenteric artery
What vein drains the S.I.?
Superior mesenteric vein
Where does the lacteal transport fat?
To the thoracic duct
What are the thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscle of the L.I. called?
Teniae coli
What are the pouches of the colon called?
Haustra
Which parts of the colon are retroperitoneal?
Ascending and descending portions
What vascular beds in the anus can cause internal hemorrhages?
Rectal venous plexus
What nerve innervates the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
What parts of the large intestine does the superior mesenteric supply?
Ileocecal area
Ascending colon
1/2 of transverse colon
What part of the L.I. does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
1/2 of transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
Where are three areas of concern for varicosities caused by hypertension?
Esophagus - bleeding varices
Anal canal - hemorrhoids
Umbilicus
Where do the parasympathetics that supply 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, and rectum come from?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Which spinal nerves do pelvic splanchnic nerves come from?
S2-S4
Where does the parasympathetic supply for the ascending colon and 2/3 of the transverse colon come from?
Vagus nerve
