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Part 1 > Neuro System Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Neuro System Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 unique parts of a neuron

A

Long cell process (axon), short cell processes (dendrites), and specialized cell junctions (synapses)

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2
Q

What are the parts of the Synapsis?

A

Terminal Bouton, Presynaptic Membrane, Synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane, and neurosecretory vesicles

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3
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

Bipolar (e.g. CNS cells), Unipolar (e.g. sensory neurons), and Multipolar (e.g. motor neurons)

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4
Q

What is myelin?

A

Layers of lipid-rich insulation wrapped around an axon

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5
Q

What is myelin’s function?

A

To increase signal conduction speed along an axon

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6
Q

Which specialized support cells are responsible for myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the Central nervous system and Schwann cells in the Peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

What is the space between units of myelin called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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8
Q

Where are nodes of Ranvier more apparent?

A

In the CNS. In the PNS the bare segments are partly covered by cytoplasm from Schwann cells.

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9
Q

True or False: One Schwann cell will produce the myelin for multiple PNS nerves’ axons.

A

False, Oligodendrocytes in the CNS produce myelin for multiple nerves’ axons, but Schwann cells in the PNS remain affixed to only one neuron’s axon

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10
Q

What are non-neuron support cells in the CNS called?

A

The glia

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11
Q

What cells make up the glia?

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependyma, and Microglial cells

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12
Q

What are the functions of an Astrocyte?

A

They guide developing neurons into place during embryo development, give structure for specialized cells to exist in, and some move fluid, glucose, and ions from the local capillaries to neurons

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13
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

A

They are simple cuboidal cells in the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain - that along with capillaries - form the choroid plexus. Both the choroid plexus and ependymal cells lining produce cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q

What is the function of Microglia cells?

A

They are specialized macrophage immune cells of the CNS

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15
Q

From the skull moving into the brain, what are the 3 parts of the meninges?

A

Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia

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16
Q

Where do you find the main veins and arteries of the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

They are found in the subarachnoid space between the Arachnoid and Pia

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17
Q

Efferent nerves are made up of what?

A

Motor

Autonomics

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18
Q

Afferent nerves are made up of what?

A

Sensory and Somatic

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19
Q

What ion is high outside the cell?

A

Sodium

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20
Q

What ion is high inside the cell?

A

Potassium

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21
Q

What establishes the electrical gradient?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

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22
Q

How many ions are pumped in and out?

A

Three Na+ out, Two K+ in

23
Q

What is the role of the large anions trapped inside the cell?

A

They help generate resting membrane potential by being negative on inside compared to outside. They attract K+ to line up on membrane on outside

24
Q

What factors are necessary for establishing the resting membrane potential?

A

(1) Selectively permeable membrane

(2) A gradient maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase pump

(3) Large anions inside cell

25
Q

Influx of Na+ into the cell such that inside becomes less negative is known as what?

A

Depolarization

26
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters lead to depolarization?

A

Acetylcholine and glutamate. These are both excitatory neurotransmitters.

27
Q

What two ionic events establish the phase of repolarization?

A

(1) Na+ stops coming into the cell (active closure of Na+ gated channels)

(2) K+ starts to slowly move out

28
Q

What is Hodgkins cycle?

A

With a little depolarization Na+ gated channels are open and we get an influx of Na+ which causes more gated channels to open etc.

29
Q

What stops the Hodgkins cycle?

A

Active closure of gated channels

30
Q

What ionic event accounts for hyperpolarization, the situation in which the membrane becomes temporarily more negative than a resting membrane?

A

The slow closing of K+ gated channels

31
Q

The point at which an action potential is generated is known as what?

A

Threshold

32
Q

Passive diffusion of ions through the axon providing local circuit currents is known as what?

A

Electrotonic conduction

33
Q

What 3 factors affect membrane excitability?

A

(1) High extracellular calcium which decreases Na+ influx

(2) A decrease in extracellular K+ which means more K+ will leak out down gradient via K+ leak channels making the inside of the cell more negative and hyperpolarized

(3) Local anesthetics

34
Q

The process in myelinated axons where the electrical conduction flows from node to node rather than down the membrane is known as what?

A

Saltatory conduction

35
Q

What is released when an action potential reaches the terminal bouton?

A

Calcium

36
Q

The binding of Ach to the cholinergic receptor on the post synaptic membrane causes what?

A

The post synaptic membrane to become permeable to Na+ which influxes through open channels

37
Q

What does acetylcholine esterase do?

A

It breaks down Ach thus stopping the synaptic signal

38
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter causes hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

39
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters lead to hyperpolarization?

A

Gama-aminobutyric acid (i.e. gaba) and glycine

40
Q

Give an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

gaba

41
Q

What are the two precursors for Ach?

A

Acetyl-CoA and Choline

42
Q

What breaks down norepinephrine?

A

Monoamine oxidase (mao)

43
Q

What ionic movement marks an inhibitory post synaptic potential? What is the net result?

A

Chloride into the cell

Potassium out of the cell

Net result is hyperpolarization

44
Q

What post synaptic potential is always excitatory, always suprathreshold and always leads to an action potential?

A

End Plate Potential

45
Q

What do we call a situation in which synapses fire at the same time in order to reach threshold?

A

Temporal summation

46
Q

A situation in which the synapses have to be close to the axon hillock before depolarization can take place is known as what?

A

Spatial summation

47
Q

What 3 kinds of information is supplied by sensory receptors?

A

Type of stimuli

Location of stimuli

Intensity/duration of stimuli

48
Q

What type of sensory receptor senses touch, pressure, position sense?

A

Mechanoreceptors

49
Q

What type of receptors sense light?

A

Photoreceptors

50
Q

What type of receptor senses pain?

A

Nociceptors

51
Q

What type of receptors sense taste, smell?

A

Chemoreceptors

52
Q

What does it mean when we say that the receptor potential is graded?

A

The greater the intensity of the stimulus the greater the depolarization of the sensory receptor nerve endings

53
Q

The greater the amplitude of the receptor potential then the greater the frequency of action potentials up afferent nerves is known as what?

A

Frequency code

54
Q

True or false: Receptor potentials are graded. Action potentials operate on an all or none principal.

A

True

Part 1 (73 decks)

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