MSK System Pathology 1 Flashcards
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
It is an X-linked disorder that is the most common and most severe muscular dystrophy. It is marked by wasting in the proximal muscles and extremities and compensatory hypertrophy of distal sites. This is most common in children.
What causes myasthenia gravis?
It is an autoimmune disorder that develops from autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions.
What does pyogenic osteomyelitis most commonly affect?
The distal end of the femur and the proximal ends of the humerus and tibia.
Why is osteoporosis type I most commonly associated with post-menopausal women?
It is associated with estrogen deficiency, which occurs with menopause. Estrogen affects osteoblasts.
What causes an increase in hip fractures in people over 70 years of age?
Osteoporosis type II, which is caused by reduced calcium absorption.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with what degenerative bone disease?
Osteomalacia
What are the most common types of skeletal tumors?
(1) Osteoma: sessile tumor composed of well-formed bone
(2) Osteoid osteoma: small benign neoplasm, not malignant
(3) Osteosarcoma: most common primary malignant tumor of bone, usually occurring in males 10-20 years of age
(4) Chondrosarcoma: malignant cartilaginous tumor of men 30-60 years of age
(5) Ewing’s sarcoma: anaplastic small-cell malignant tumor of long bones, ribs, pelvis, scapula, usually in boys under 15
What are some of the causes of infectious arthritis?
Gonorrhea, staph, strep, H. influenzae, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, Lyme disease
What causes gouty arthritis?
Uric acid from the breakdown of purines is deposited as urate crystals in joints, particularly the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe.
What precipitates acute gout?
Large meal, alcohol
What joints are affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
(1) Bilateral proximal interphalangeal (pip) joints
(2) Metacarpophalangeal (mcp) joints
(3) Wrist joints
What types of deformities are associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
(1) Haygarth’s nodes on the pips
(2) Boutonniere or swan neck deformities on the fingers
(3) Ulnar deviation of the wrist
(4) Toe clawing
What is bamboo spine?
Fixation of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint in ankylosing spondylitis
What joints are affected in osteoarthritis?
Asymmetrical weight-bearing joints and distal interphalangeal (dip) joints
What type of nodules form in osteoarthritis?
(1) Heberden’s nodes on the dip joints
(2) Bouchard’s nodes on the pip joints
