Neuro System Anatomy 1 Flashcards
Name the ventricles of the brain.
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle
How do the 2 lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?
The interventricular foramina or foramen (aka the foramina of Monro)
What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
What divides the cerebral peduncle into an anterior part (the crus cerebri) and a posterior part (tegmentum)?
Substantia nigra
Where would you find the graciles tubercle?
Brain
How many cervical nerves are there?
Eight
How many coccygeal nerves are there?
One
At what level does spinal cord end?
L2
What are the nerve roots below L2 called?
The cauda equina
What does the brain stem consist of?
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
What divides frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What separates frontal and temporal lobes?
Lateral sulcus
What separates the cingulate gyrus from the superior frontal gyrus?
The cingulate sulcus
What separates the cingulate gyrus from the corpus callosum?
Callosal sulcus
What does the cerebrum consist of?
The telencephalon and the diencephalon
What 4 structures make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
What parts make up the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex
subcortical white matter
Basal ganglia
What is the cerebellum comprised of?
2 lateral hemispheres divided by the vermis
What structure is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum and the infundibulum is considered part of the posterior lobe or the neurohypophysis
What part of the spinal cord contains the nerve bodies and unmyelinated fibers?
Gray matter
What part of the spinal cord contains somatic cell bodies and have motor functions?
Ventral or anterior horn
What part of the spinal cord contains visceral cell bodies and have visceral motor function?
Lateral horn
What part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of the neuron and have sensory functions?
Dorsal horn
What part of the spinal cord and brain contains an interconnecting nerve system which is made of the myelinated nerve fibers?
White matter. Myelin sheaths (which contain fat) gives white matter its color.
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
What is the general function of the frontal lobe?
Motor function
What is the general function of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory
What is the general function of the occipital lobe?
Vision
What is the general function of the temporal lobe?
Auditory
From superior to inferior what is the flow of csf through the ventricles?
Lateral –> Third –> Fourth
From outside to inside what are the layers of the meninges?
Dura mater –> Arachnoid mater –> Pia mater
What kinds of nerve fibers are found in dorsal rami?
Sensory fibers carrying afferent information
What kinds of nerve fibers are found in ventral rami?
Motor fibers carrying efferent information
What are the spinal levels of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Brainstem - C1
S2,3,4
What are the spinal levels of the sympathetic nervous system?
T1-L2
Where is the primary somatic sensory cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
Where in the brain is the motor cortex located?
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of both hemispheres
What portion of the brain is responsible for controlling the motor function of the muscles responsible for speech?
The Broca’s area
What are the names of the three main ascending pathways?
Nonspecific ascending (Anterolateral) pathway
Specific ascending (Lemniscal) pathway
Spinocerebellar pathway
In what tract do pain and temperature travel?
In the lateral spinothalamic tract
In what tract does crude touch travel?
Anterior spinothalamic tract
In what tract do proprioception, tactile pressure, stereognosis, barognosis and 2 point discrimination?
In the gracilis and cuneatus fasiculi
Which part of the ascending lemniscal pathway transmits information from upper limbs and upper trunk?
The fasciculus cuneatus
Which part of the ascending lemniscal pathway transmits information from the lower limbs and inferior trunk?
The fasciculus gracilis
Which tract is concerned with subconscious perception ie. muscle and position sense pathway?
Spinocerebellar tract
Where do the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract decussate?
At the level of the spinal cord at which they entered
Where do the gracilis and cuneate fasiculi decussate?
In the medulla
Where does the spinocerebellar pathway decussate?
It doesn’t or it crosses over twice and cancels out the original decussation
Where does reticular formation take place?
The brain stem
Which portion of the brain stem controls autonomic function and houses the reflex centers for the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor system in addition to the reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing?
The medulla
What cranial nerves have their nuclei of origin in the midbrain?
CN III and IV
What cranial nerves have their nuclei of origin in the pons?
CN V, VI, VII
What cranial nerves have their nuclei of origin in the medulla?
CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
What Cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
Olfactory (CN I)
The Trigeminal Nerve is divided into what 3 nerves?
The Opthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
The Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
The Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
What nerves does the opthalmic nerve (CN V1) branch off into?
Frontal nerve (breaks into the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear nerve)
Nasociliary nerve (branches into the Infratrochlear, Long ciliary, and Ethmoidal nerve, and Long root of the ciliary ganglion)
Lacrimal nerve
What nerves does the maxillary nerve (CN V2) branch off into?
Middle Meningeal nerve
Infraorbital nerve (which branches into the Superior Labial nerve branch)
Zygomatic nerve (branches into the Zygomaticotemporal and Zygomaticofacial nerve)
Superior Alveolar nerves (branches into the Posterior, Anterior, and Middle Superior Alveolar nerve)
Inferior palpebral nerve
Sphenopalatine (Pterygopalatine) ganglion (divides into the Nasopalatine branches, Palatine nerves (divides into the Greater and Lesser Palatine nerve), and the Pharyngeal nerves)
What nerves does the mandibular nerve (CN V3) branch off into?
Nervus spinosus
Medial pterygoid nerve
Buccal nerve
Masseteric nerve
Lateral pterygoid nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior Alveolar nerve
otic ganglion
What nerve is responsible for lacrimal and salivary glands?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
What are the 5 main motor nerve branches of the Facial nerve?
Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, and Cervical
Which nerve’s origin is in the pons and it supplies motor function to the lateral rectus muscle?
Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
Where are the superior cerebellar peduncles located?
Pons
Where is the substantia nigra located?
Midbrain
What part of the brain regulates the emotional state?
The limbic system
In what part of the brain do we consolidate short term memory into long term?
Hippocampus
In what part of brain do we find conditioned fear?
Amygdala
Where is dopamine released from?
Substantia nigra
What is released from raphe nucleus?
Serotonin
Where is norepinephrine released from in the brain?
Locus ceruleus
Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic action?
CN III, VII, IX, and X
