Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Unit 4 - Spirochaetaceae and Leptospira > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Spirochaetaceae and Leptospira Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the shape of organisms in the order Spirochaetales?

A

flexous, helically coiled, spiral organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two families of importance in the order Spirochaetales?

A

Leptospiraceae and Spirochaetaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Leptospiraceae and Spirochaetaceae are collectively referred to as __________.

A

spirochetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are spirochetes made up of (their parts)?

A

protoplasmic cylinder, cell wall, periplasmic flagella, and outer sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the protoplasmic cylinder composed of?

A

the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What surrounds the protoplasmic cylinder in spirochetes?

A

the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

One to one hundred _______ are present on all spirochetes.

A

flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the flagella of the spirochetes connected to and what is the attachment site called?

A

the protoplasmic cylinder - the basal insertion plate or disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False: If there were to be a cross section at the middle of a spirochete there would be two times as many flagella than at the end.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does viscotaxis mean?

A

the ability to move through rather viscid substrates such as 1% agar and intestinal mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is found in the outer sheath of spirochetes?

A

LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or False: The flagella are contained outside of the outer sheath of spirochetes

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are sprirochetes gram negative or positive?

A

negative - but they do not stain well with the gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the basic taxonomic unit of the genus Leptospira?

A

serovar - the serovar name is capitalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira interrogans?

A

Icterohemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Autumnalis, and Bratislava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira noguchii?

A

Pomona

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira borgpetersenii?

A

Hardjo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira kirschneri?

A

Grippotyphosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the morphology of Leptospires.

A

they are motile, spiral rods with one or both ends hooked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the outermembrane of Leptospira covered by?

A

a slime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the best way to visualize Leptospira?

A

with darkfield microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What conditions, in regards to oxygen, does Leptospira prefer?

A

microaerophilic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Leptospira utilize for carbon and energy services?

A

long chain fatty acids and alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is typically added to media to bind Leptospira to serum or albumin?

A

Vitamin B1 or B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can Leptospira utilize as nitrogen sources?

A

ammonium salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What virulence factors does Leptospira have?

A

viscotaxis and cytotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is Leptospira most commonly found?

A

in hot and humid climates

28
Q

What is the natural habitat for most serovars of Leptospira?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

29
Q

How is Leptospira transmitted?

A

by direct contact with urine or indirectly through urinary contamination of food, water, or soil

30
Q

In the environment, especially moist and warm ones, what can Leptospira survive in?

A

ponds and other small bodies of water

31
Q

What is the most common route of entry of Leptospira?

A

through penetration of mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, nose, genitalia, or abraded skin - possibly through water-softened intact skin

32
Q

True or False: Venereal transmission of Leptospira is possible.

A

TRUE

33
Q

What is the pathogenesis of leptospirosis largely dependent on?

A

whether an animal host is a maintenance host or an incidental host

34
Q

What is the difference between maintenance hosts and incidental hosts of Leptospira?

A

maintenance hosts often do not become clinically ill or are only minimally ill whereas incidental hosts can develop a high fever and become acutely ill

35
Q

Where does primary multiplication of leptospires occur and what is the duration of this event?

A

in the liver - 4-7 days

36
Q

Post infection, where do leptospira localize?

A

the kidney, brain, lung, and possibly other tissues where antibody does not have ready access

37
Q

Which hosts are responsible for long-term shedding and the maintenance of leptospirosis in a population?

A

the maintenance host

38
Q

In incidental hosts, how does leptospira manifest as?

A

vascular damage, hepatitis with jaundice, acute nephritis followed by chornic nephritis, abortions, and meningitis

39
Q

How can Leptospira cause abortion?

A

it enters the placenta through maternal circulation and migrates to the fetus

40
Q

Abortion usually occurs when the animal is infected with Leptospira in what trimester?

A

the third

41
Q

What Leptospira serovar are rats reservoir hosts of?

A

Icterohaemorrhagiae

42
Q

What Leptospira serovar are dogs reservoir hosts of?

A

Canicola

43
Q

What Leptospira serovar are raccoons reservoir hosts of?

A

Grippotyphosa

44
Q

What Leptospira serovar are cattle reservoir hosts of?

A

Hardjo

45
Q

What Leptospira serovar are swine reservoir hosts of?

A

Pomona

46
Q

What clinical signs/syndromes does Leptospira cause in cattle?

A

abortion, still births, weak calves, low fertility syndrome, milk drop syndrome, hemolytic anemia, icterus, and hemoglobinuria

47
Q

What common serovars cause bovine leptospirosis?

A

Hardjo-bovis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Icterohaemorrhagiae

48
Q

What species is swine leptospirosis’ clinical manifestation similar to?

A

bovine

49
Q

What common serovars are associated with swine leptospirosis?

A

Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and possibly Bratislava

50
Q

If sheep get leptospirosis, what clinical syndrome/lesions are associated with it?

A

abortions and occasionally hemolytic anemia

51
Q

What Leptospira serovars are common in sheep?

A

Pomona

52
Q

What Leptospira serovars are common in goats?

A

Pomona, Icterohemorrhagiae, and grippotyphosa

53
Q

What clinical signs/syndromes are associated with leptospirosis in horses?

A

abortions, still births, weak foals, periodic opthalmia (moon blindness)

54
Q

What Leptospira serovars are associated with equine leptospirosis?

A

Pomona

55
Q

What percentage of horses develop anterior uveitis if infected with Leptospira?

A

fifty percent

56
Q

What clinical signs/syndromes does Leptospira cause in dogs?

A

acute hepatitis, acute/chronic nephritis, meningitis, and pulmonary vasculitis

57
Q

What Leptospira serovars have historically been the most common cause of disease in dogs?

A

Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae

58
Q

What species appear to not be susceptible to leptospirosis?

A

cats and birds

59
Q

In humans, leptospirosis is an _________ hazard.

A

occupational

60
Q

What clinical signs/syndromes are associated with human leptospirosis?

A

fever, chills, headache, aching muscles, icterus, and stiff neck, respiratory distress due to pulmonary hemorrhage, nausea and vomiting, anuria, rashes, conjunctivitis, meningeal irritation, and hepatic or renal failure in severe cases

61
Q

How do you diagnose leptospirosis?

A

Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), PCR, ELISA, Culture, darkfield, silver staining, and flourescent antibody test

62
Q

How long do leptospira cultures need to be incubated to identify the infecting serovar?

A

18-24 days

63
Q

What do bacterins for leptospirosis protect against?

A

clinical disease but not against infection

64
Q

Post-immunization or post-infection immunity is primarily ______ mediated and protection is generally ____-lived.

A

humorally, short

65
Q

How is leptospirosis treated?

A

ampicillin or penicillin to kill systemic organisms followed by tetracycline or doxycycline to kill the remaining population

Microbiology (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions