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Microbiology > Unit 3: Acinetobacter, Francisella, Coxiella, Legionella, and Heliobacter > Flashcards

Unit 3: Acinetobacter, Francisella, Coxiella, Legionella, and Heliobacter Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of bacteria are Acinetobacter?

A

opportunists

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2
Q

What species of Acinetobacter is accounts for most of the human infections by this genus?

A

Acinetobacter baumannii

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3
Q

On gram stain, what does the genus Acinetobacter look like?

A

gram negative rod - may pair or chain

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4
Q

What do colonies of Acinetobacter look like?

A

may be large and mucoid or small and non-pigmented

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5
Q

Is the genus Acinetobacter oxidase negative or positive?

A

negative

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6
Q

In regards to oxygen, what type of organims are in the Acinetobacter genus?

A

obligate aerobes

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7
Q

What is the natural habitat of Acinetobacter?

A

widespread in soil, water, sewage and feces - colonize the skin

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8
Q

What diseases are associated with Acinetobacter infection?

A

nosocomial infections mainly in immunocompromised patients and occasionally urinary tract infections in animals

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9
Q

What is the cause of rabbit fever?

A

Francisella tularensis

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10
Q

What are the different biovars of Francisella tularensis?

A

tularensis, palaearctica, novicida

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11
Q

Where is Francisella tularensis biovar tularensis found?

A

only in North America

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12
Q

Where is Francisella tularensis biovar palaeartica primarily reported?

A

in Russia and Scandinavian countries - it is known as the beaver strain

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13
Q

What species does Francisella tularensis biovar novicida infect?

A

humans

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14
Q

What is the morphology of Francisella tularensis?

A

gram negative, short, very small, non-motile, non-encapsulated rods - may be pleomorphic

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15
Q

What is required for growth of Francisella tularensis and how long does it take?

A

it requires cysteine - growth in minute colonies - facultative anaerobe but grows aerobically
2-10 days

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16
Q

What is the natural habitat of Francisella tularensis?

A

ticks, wild rodents, and rabbits act asreservoirs of biovar tularensis. Water rodents and beavers act as reservoirs of biovar palaearctica

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17
Q

How is Francisella tularensis spread?

A

by contact with infected rabbits or rodents and via infected ticks

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18
Q

How does Francisella tularensis gain entry?

A

through skin abrasion, conjunctivae, ingestion, and aerosol

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19
Q

Is the infectious dose of Francisella tularensis high or low?

A

low

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20
Q

What lesions are associated with infection of Francisella tularensis in rabbits?

A

small, necrotic, granulomatous foci in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

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21
Q

What are the types of Francisella tularensis infection in humans?

A

pneumonic form and typhoidal form

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22
Q

How do humans get the pneumonic form of Francisella tularensis?

A

by inhaling it

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23
Q

How do humans get the typhoidal form of Francisella tularensis?

A

by ingesting it

24
Q

What lesions are associated with the human form of Francisella tularensis infection?

A

granulomatous nodules that ulcerate

25
Q

What immunity is involved with Francisella tularensis infection?

A

Cell mediated immunity

26
Q

How do you treat for a Francisella tularensis infection?

A

Streptomycin and gentamicin

27
Q

How do you diagnose for a Francisella tularensis infection?

A

PCR on blood, pulmonary washings, and tissues

28
Q

What does Coxiella burnetii look like on gram stain?

A

small, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacterium

29
Q

What type of bacteria is Coxiella burnetii?

A

an obligate intracellular bacterium

30
Q

What does Coxiella burnetti cause?

A

Q-fever in humans.

Abortions and respiratory tract infections in ruminants

31
Q

Coxiella burnetti has two distinct phases that are morphologically identical. What are they and how infective are they?

A

Phase 1 - highly infectious

Phase 2 - less infectious

32
Q

Coxiella burnetti infects a wide variety of animals and is currently thought to be a problem in mainly _____, ______, and ______.

A

cattle, sheep, goats

33
Q

How do humans get infected with Coxiella burnetti?

A

they consume contaminated animal products

34
Q

How do you treat a Coxiella burnetti infection?

A

tetracycline

Surgery may be needed in humans with chronic valvular endocarditis

35
Q

How do you prevent Coxiella burnetti infection?

A

In Europe there is an inactivated Phase I product for immunization of ruminants.
An inactivated product is available in Australia for high-risk humans

36
Q

What is Coxiella burnetii shed in?

A

urine, milk, feces, and the placenta

37
Q

What can spread Coxiella burnetti?

A

ticks

38
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute Q fever?

A

fever followed by myalgia, headache, sweating

rarely fatal

39
Q

When does chronic Q fever present?

A

may start 2-20 years after infection

40
Q

What is the main complication associated with the chronic form of Q fever?

A

chronic vegetative valvular endocarditis

41
Q

What other disease processes can occur as a result of Coxiella burnetii?

A

chronic hepatitis and glomerularnephritis

42
Q

_______ ________ accounts for 90% of the respiratory infections in humans from this genus.

A

Legionella pneumophila - Legionaire’s disease

43
Q

70% if the respiratory cases assoicated with Legionella pneumophila are due to what serotype?

A

one

44
Q

What causes Pontiac fever (acute flu like illness)?

A

L. lingbeachae, L. feeleii, L. micdadei, and L. anisa

45
Q

What is Helicobacter pylori associated with?

A

acute gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers in humans

46
Q

Where has Helicobacter heilmannii been isolated from?

A

the gastric mucosa of humans, cats, dogs, and pigs - in associated with gastric diseases

47
Q

What is Helicobacter mustelae associated with?

A

gastric ulcers in ferrets

48
Q

On gram stain, what does the genus Helicobacter look like?

A

gram-negative U shaped, rods, or rounded form with polar flagella

49
Q

In regards to oxygen, what organisms are in the Helicobacter genus?

A

microaerophilic

50
Q

How is Helicobacter pylori transferred?

A

through food and mouth to mouth especially in areas with poor sanitation

51
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infections?

A

They invade between cells of the gastric mycosa and can be found in many sites including within enterocytes. The urease enzyme generates ammonium ions and CO2 that are responsible for much of the tissue damage. The organism uses the ammonium ions to counterbalance the highly acidic pH of the stomach.

52
Q

What specific disease is associated with Helicobacter pylori?

A

peptic ulcer disease

53
Q

How are Helicobacter infections diagnosed?

A

invasive diagnostic tests for urease, histology, culture, and PCR.
Stool antigen tests, serologic tests, and carbon labelled urea breath tests work as well

54
Q

What is responsible for recurrent Helicobacter disease?

A

residual organisms in the tissues

55
Q

What is NDM1?

A

New Dehli metallo-beta lactamase - a resistant strain of Acinetobacter that is resistant to all beta lactams and most other antimicrobials

Microbiology (50 decks)

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