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Microbiology > Unit 4 - Fungi causing internal (systemic) mycoses > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Fungi causing internal (systemic) mycoses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where are Aspergillus species common in?

A

air, soil, and animal feeds

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2
Q

What Aspergillus species is the most common cause of infection?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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3
Q

What does Aspergillus cause in cattle?

A

pulmonary and cutaneous infectino, abortions, rumenitis, gastritis, and mastitis

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4
Q

What does Aspergillus cause in horses?

A

associated with abortion, guttural pouch infection, diarrhea in foals

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5
Q

What does Aspergillus cause in dogs?

A

frontal sinus infection

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6
Q

What does Aspergillus cause in cats?

A

pulmonary disease

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7
Q

What does Aspergillus cause in birds?

A

brooder pneumonia, respiratory disease in captive penguins and commercial poultry, and crop mycosis in commercial turkey flocks

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8
Q

What does Aspergillus look like when it grows?

A

wooly, dense, pigmented green, bluish-green, olive, or yellowish-green

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9
Q

What does Aspergillus grow on?

A

SGA and BAP

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10
Q

How is Aspergillus transmitted?

A

via feed in commercial poultry, inhalation or ingesion of spores

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11
Q

How is Aspergillus infection treated in pet birds and raptors?

A

Miconazole and other imidazole compounds

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12
Q

What is the perfect state of Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Filobasidiella neoformans in the Basidiomycota along with the mushrooms and toadstools

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13
Q

What does Cryptococcus neoformans have a pedilection for?

A

the brain and meninges

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14
Q

What is the natural habitat for Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

it is clasically associated with dessicated pigeon feces, some trees that have pockets of rotted material

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15
Q

How do dogs, cats, and humans get Cryptococcus neoformans infections?

A

it is readily inhaled and there is usually pulmonary infection

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16
Q

If infection by Cryptococcus neoformans in dogs, cats, and humans becomes disseminated, what happens?

A

meningoencephalitis is the msot common characterization - fever and severe headaches in humans

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17
Q

What does Cryptococcus neoformans infect in cattle?

A

mammary tissue and adjacent lymph nodes

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18
Q

What does Cryptococcus neoformans cause in horses?

A

nasal discharge, respiratory distress due to nasal granuloma formation

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19
Q

What do colonies of Cryptococcus neoformans look like?

A

cream-colored to tan, moist, glassy, mucoid colonies that are typical of yeasts - brown colonies on seed agar

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20
Q

What is the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

a heavy mucopolysaccharide capsule surrounds the cells in tissues - the capsule is usually very thin on culture media but very large and impressive when present in smears

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21
Q

How is Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed?

A

PCR-testine, direct examination with India ink, ID from culture, and serodiagnosis

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22
Q

What is the perfect state name for Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

Ajellomyces dermatitidis

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23
Q

What does Blastomyces dermatitidis cause?

A

North American blastomycosis, a chronic, granulomatous, and suppurative infectionof humans and domestic animals

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24
Q

What is the morphology of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

it is dimorphic

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25
Q

When does the yeast phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis occur?

A

in tissues and at 37 degrees C on rich media

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26
Q

What is the yeast phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis characterized as?

A

thick walled, budding on a broad base and large

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27
Q

When is the mycelial phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis present?

A

on SGA at 25-30 C

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28
Q

What is mycelial phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis characterized as?

A

conidia are borne laterally on conidiophores or terminally on hyphae

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29
Q

Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis confined to?

A

the US and Canada

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30
Q

What is the natural habitat of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

moist soil that frequently has a combination of animal feces, insect parts, and high organic matter which is usually moist, shaded from direct sunlight, and has a pH of less than 6

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31
Q

What is infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis usually associated with?

A

activity in low lying areas around reservoirs, dams, and rivers

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32
Q

What does Blastomyces dermatitidis usually start as?

A

pulmonary infection

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33
Q

What does the pulmonary infection due to Blastomyces dermatitidis disseminate to?

A

it disseminates via a hematogenous route and produces granulomatous infection of skin and internal organs

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34
Q

What immunity is associated with Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?

A

cell mediated immunity

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35
Q

How do you diagnose a Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?

A

with typical broad-based budding yeast cells from tracheal wash or histopathology sections

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36
Q

How do you treat Blastomyces dermatitidis infections?

A

Stilbamidine or amphoteracin B, and Ketaconizole

37
Q

What do Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii cause?

A

valley fever and chronic disseminated lesions

38
Q

What is the morphology of Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii?

A

in pus and granulation tissue they appear as spherical bodies or sporangia

39
Q

What do Coccidiodes immitis and Coccidiodes posadasii develop in culture?

A

hyphae - which are very dangerous for lab workers

40
Q

Where is valley fever endemic?

A

in the US and San Joaquin Valley of California

41
Q

Where is Coccidiodes immitis confined to?

A

California and Northern New Mexico

42
Q

Where is Coccidiodes posadasii found?

A

in CA, TX, AZ, UT, NM, NV, and Central and South America

43
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Valley Fever?

A
  1. Desert rodents excrete large numbers of the spherules in their feces around their burrows. 2. The spores germinate and the fungi multiply in nearby soil after it rains 3. When the ground dries, arthrospores are formed within the hyphae and these are blown about in the dust 4. Animals grazing these areas and dogs sniffing rodent burrows may inhale large numbers of arthrospores
44
Q

What does Coccidiodes immitis and Coccidiodes posadasii cause in cattle and sheep?

A

it causes benign disease of the lymph nodes of the chest

45
Q

What lesions does Coccidiodes immitis and Coccidiodes posadasii cause in dogs?

A

granulomatous lesions in the lungs leading to debilitation and death

46
Q

What does Coccidiodes immitis and Coccidiodes posadasii cause in humans?

A

valley fever - the pulmonary form of infection

47
Q

How is Coccidiodes immitis and Coccidiodes posadasii infection treated?

A

with Amphotericin B

48
Q

What disease to Histoplasma capsulatum cause and where?

A

generalized disease involving the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and other tissues

49
Q

What is the morphology of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

dimorhic fungus

50
Q

What is the morphology of Histoplasma capsulatum in tissues and 37 degrees C?

A

it is round to oval, single or budding yeast cells (can be seen in monocytes but also in PMNs and giant cells)

51
Q

What is the morphology of Histoplasma capsulatum at room temp?

A

it is typically mold-like mycelial organism at 2-4 weeks with 2 spores - microconidia and tuberculate chlamydospores

52
Q

What does the colony of the mycelial phase of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

it is white and cottony but may be quite variable and range from brown to slate gray

53
Q

Where is disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum endemic to?

A

the Mississippi and Ohio River valley

54
Q

Where is Histoplasma capsulatum typically isolated from?

A

soil especially where heavy contamination with bird droppings

55
Q

How is Histoplasma capsulatum transmitted?

A

inhalation of airborne spores which are then phagocytized and spread to other organs via migrating mononuclear cells

56
Q

What disease is associated with Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, emaciation in disseminated disease - CNS, bone marrow, kidneys, and skin may be involved

57
Q

How is Histoplasma capsulatum diagnosed?

A

via demonstration and growth of the organism from tissues or antigen or antibody detection from urine or blood samples is also performed

58
Q

What is histoplasmin?

A

a skin test antigen for delayed type hypersensitivity

59
Q

What immunity is associated with Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

cell mediated immunity

60
Q

How is Histoplasma capsulatum infection treated?

A

Amphotericin B followed by itraconazole

61
Q

What does Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum cause?

A

epizootic lymphangitis or African farcy in horses and mules

62
Q

What is the morphology of Histoplasma capsulatum in pus?

A

oval, yeast-like cells

63
Q

Where is Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum endemic?

A

in soil in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

64
Q

How does Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum spread through the body?

A

It enters via wounds, spreads to the superficial lymphatic vessels and nodes particularily of the legs, chest, and neck

65
Q

What lesion does Histoplasma capsulatum var faciminosum cause?

A

it cause the lymph nodes and channels to become swollen and rupture - the disease is chronic and progressive

66
Q

How do you treat a Histpolasma capsulatum var farciminosum infection?

A

with Na Iodide

67
Q

What is Zygomycosis?

A

a general term used to describe infections caused by the Zygomycetes

68
Q

What lesions are involved with zygomycosis?

A

granulomatous and ulcerative lesions that involve the lymph nodes, respiratory, and alimentary tracts - the lymph nodes become caseocalcereous

69
Q

What can Zygomycetes cause in cattle?

A

abortions

70
Q

What do Zygomycetes look like in tissue?

A

coarse, non-septate, branching hyphae with rounded sporangia at their terminal portion

71
Q

What are the genera of importance to Mucormycosis?

A

Mucor, Rhizopus, and Absidia

72
Q

What do Mucor colonies look like?

A

dense, white to gray, cottony growth that tends to fill the tube or plate

73
Q

What is the natural habitat of the Mucor species?

A

They are all saprophytes and occur widely in nature

74
Q

How do Mucor species infect animals?

A

via inhalation or ingestion of spores and occasionally by traumatic implantation

75
Q

How do you diagnose Mucor?

A

find the distinctive broad non-septae hyphae in the tissues

76
Q

What is Chromomycosis?

A

subcutaneous infections caused by a number of dematiaceous fungi

77
Q

What species get chromomycosis?

A

dogs, horses, and humans

78
Q

What species (fungi) are involved with chromomycosis?

A

Hormodendrum, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Phialophora

79
Q

What is the morphology of the organisms that cause Chromomycosis?

A

single celled or clustered, spherical, thick waled yeast cells, with a dark brown to black pigment

80
Q

What does the culture of Chromomycosis causing species look like?

A

dark brown or black colonies

81
Q

Where are the organsisms that cause Chromomycosis found?

A

widespread in nature

82
Q

How do organisms that cause Chromomycosis enter the body?

A

via wounds or abrasions

83
Q

What lesions does Chromomycosis cause?

A

produces nodular and frequently ulcerative lesions of the feet and legs with regional granulomatous lymphadenitis

84
Q

What is Mycetoma?

A

a localized swollen lesion consisting of granulomas and abscesses which suppurate and drain through sinus tracts

85
Q

What parts of the body can get mycetoma?

A

the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and bone

86
Q

What are Actinomycotic mycetomas caused by?

A

species of the genus Actinomyces - not fungal

87
Q

What causes Eumycotic mycetomas?

A

it is caused by at least 13 different species of fungi

88
Q

What organisms cause Mycetomas?

A

Allescheria, Curvularia, and Helminthosporium

89
Q

What is the morphology of the fungi that cause Mycetoma look like?

A

discrete, brown or black fungus embedded in a large mass of granulation tissue

Microbiology (50 decks)

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