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Streptococcus and Enterococcus Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Streptococcus and Enterococcus look like on gram stain?

A

gram positive, chaining cocci - can be square or lemon-shaped

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2
Q

Where do Streptococcus and Enterococcus tend to live?

A

they are widely distributed in nature - skin and mucous membranes

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3
Q

Typically when can hemolysis be seen in Streptococcus and Enterococcus species?

A

18-24 hours

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4
Q

What are the growth requirements for Streptococci?

A

some require serum or blood for growth, 35-37 C, faculative anaerobes, decreaased O2 and increased CO2 helps on primary isolation

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5
Q

What are the growth requirements for Enterococcus?

A

less fastidious than Streptococcus, resistant to esculin, tolerate higher temperatures, and highly resistant to antimicrobials

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6
Q

How do Streptococci respond to catalase tests?

A

they are catalase negative

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7
Q

What is a useful test in determining what type of streptococcus species is present?

A

carbohydrate fermentation tests

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8
Q

What do Streptococci colonies look like?

A

they are smaller than staphylococcal colonies and are usually clear

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9
Q

What type of hemolysis can Streptococci species have?

A

alpha, beta, or no hemolysis

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10
Q

What type of hemolysis is shown here?

A

beta

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11
Q

What types of antigens are associated with Streptococci?

A

group-specific antigens and type-specific antigens

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12
Q

How are the cell wall carbohydrates in streptococci grouped?

A

into Lancefield groups (A, B, C, etc.)

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13
Q

How is the Lancefield test carried out?

A

boiling an unknown streptococcus or treating it with acid to destroy the protein antigens

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14
Q

What Lancefield group are capsules important in?

A

Group A streps

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15
Q

What toxins are associated with Streptococci?

A

streptolysin-O, streptolysin-S, streptokinase, streptodornase, and hyaluronidase

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16
Q

What type of toxin is streptolysin-O?

A

it is cholesterol-binding

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17
Q

When are streptolysin-O best seen?

A

under anaerobic growth conditions

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18
Q

What does streptolysin-O do?

A

attacks leukocytes, platelets, RBC’s,and fibroblasts

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19
Q

Describe streptolysin-S?

A

less toxic, non-antigenic, and stable to oxygen

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20
Q

What does streptokinase do?

A

lyse fibrin

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21
Q

What does streptodornase do?

A

liquefaction of pus

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22
Q

What lancefield group is streptodornase associated with?

A

A

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23
Q

What does hyaluronidase do?

A

break down hyaluronic acid in tissues

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24
Q

What group of strep is Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Group A - it is the only species in this group

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25
Q

What species does Streptococcus pyogenes typically infect?

A

humans

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26
Q

What diseases are associated with Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

strep throat, scarlet fever, sinusitis, valvular endocarditis, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, and erysipelas in humans

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27
Q

What habitat does Streptococcus pyogeneslive in?

A

pharyngeal and tonsillar areas

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28
Q

What type of proteins (antigens) are present in Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

M-proteins, T-proteins, M-associated protein, erythrogenic toxins

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29
Q

Where are M proteins for group A streps located?

A

on the fibrillar surface to help adhere bacteria together

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30
Q

What is the function of M proteins?

A

they interfere with the deposition of C3b on the surface of the organism - antiphagocytic

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31
Q

What are M-associated proteins in group A streps associated with?

A

myocardial tissue

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32
Q

What are erythrogenic toxins responsible for?

A

the rash in scarlet fever

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33
Q

Where are erythrogenic toxins located?

A

on bacteriophages

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34
Q

What are group A streps susceptible to?

A

penicillin-class antimicrobials

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35
Q

What hemolytic pattern in group A streps is associated with not developing resistance?

A

beta

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36
Q

What group of strep is Streptococcus equi subsp. equi?

A

Lancefields group C

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37
Q

Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is more fastidius thatn subsp ___________.

A

zooepidemicus

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38
Q

What do the colonies of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi look like?

A

mucoid due to presence of a heavy capsule

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39
Q

What species is Streptococcus equi supsp. equi the obligate parasite of?

A

equidae

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40
Q

How is Streptococcus equisubsp. equi transmitted?

A

droplet, contact, and fomites

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41
Q

How can Streptococcus equi subs. equi gain entry into their host?

A

via the nasal mucosa or tonisl and travel to the draining lymph nodes

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42
Q

Why is immunization easier for Streptococcus equi?

A

because there is essentially only one dominant M-protein

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43
Q

What does Streptococcus equi cytotoxin do?

A

damages phagocytes and aids intracellular survival

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44
Q

What disease is commonly associated with Streptococcus equi subsp. equi?

A

strangles

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45
Q

What age of horse does strangles usally effect?

A

horses under 2 years of age

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46
Q

What symptoms are associated with strangles?

A

large, painfull abscesses, high fever, and respiratory signs

47
Q

Why are abscesses so dangerous in horses that have strangles?

A

because they can interfere with respiration or impinge on nerves and can open internally

48
Q

What is purpura hemorrhagica?

A

a delayed immune reaction - horses have high serum IgA

49
Q

What happens in blood vessel walls in purpura hemorrhagica?

A

IgA-M protein complexes form and are deposited on blood vessel walls

50
Q

What symptoms are associated with purpura hemorrhagica?

A

vasculitis and necrosis of blood vessel walls, fever, edema, and hemorrhages

51
Q

Aside from purpura hemorrhagica and strangles what other infections are associated with Streptococcus equi?

A

reproductive tract infections

52
Q

When is immunity to Streptococcus equi good?

A

following infection and recovery

53
Q

How do you immunize against Streptococcus equi?

A

bacterins, M-protein, and modified live vaccines

54
Q

What is the treatment for Streptococcus equi in horses?

A

lance abscesses and penicillin

55
Q

What are all beta-hemolytic streptococci susceptible to?

A

penicillin

56
Q

What group of strep is Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus?

A

group C

57
Q

What hemolytic pattern does Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus have?

A

beta

58
Q

What happens to Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus with age?

A

they collapse and dry

59
Q

What is the natural habitat of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus?

A

skin, mucous membranes and tonsils

60
Q

What diseases are found in horses that are associated with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus?

A

wound infections, secondary invader in respiratory infections, omphalophlebitis, bactermia, polyarthritis, and reproductive tract infections in mares

61
Q

What disease is found in camelids, alpacas, and llamas that is associated with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus?

A

polyserositis; known as alpaca fever in alpacas

62
Q

What disease is in dogs is associated with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus?

A

hemorrhagic pneumonia - pyrexia, dyspnea, and hemorrhagic nasal discharge

63
Q

Are there any vaccines for Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus?

A

nope

64
Q

What group of strep is Streptococcus dysgalactia subsp. equisimilis?

A

groups c, g, and l

65
Q

What hemolytic pattern does Streptococcus dysgalactia subsp. equisimilis exhibit?

A

beta

66
Q

What in humans is Streptococcus dysgalactia subsp. Equisimilis associated with?

A

pharyngitis and other infections

67
Q

What in sows, dogs, and occasionally other animals is Streptococcus dysgalactia associated with?

A

metritis and cervicitis

68
Q

What species does Streptococcus dysgalactia cause septicemia and joint infections in?

A

pigs

69
Q

Streptococcus dysgalactia is the most common beta-hemolytic strep in what host?

A

neonatal piglets

70
Q

What can Streptococcus dysgalactia cause in horses although not common?

A

strangles

71
Q

Are there any vaccines for Streptococcus dysgalactia subsp. Equisimilis?

A

nope

72
Q

What group of strep is Streptococcus canis?

A

mostly group G

73
Q

What type of hemolysis does Streptococcus canis have?

A

beta

74
Q

What disease can Streptococcus canis cause in dogs and cats?

A

tonsillitis, metritis, wound infections, septicemia, and umbilical infections

75
Q

What can Streptococcus canis cause in humans?

A

wound infections

76
Q

What can Streptococcus canis cause in dairy cattle?

A

mastitis

77
Q

What strep group is Streptococcus porcinus in?

A

formally E, now P, U, and V

78
Q

What main disease process does Streptococcus porcinuscause?

A

jowl abscesses in swine

79
Q

What used to be used to treat jowl abscesses in swine?

A

tetracycline

80
Q

What infections does Streptococcus porcinus cause in humans?

A

genitourinary infections

81
Q

What strep group is Streptococcus suis in?

A

group D

82
Q

What hemolytic pattern does Streptococcus suis exhibit?

A

alpha

83
Q

What capsular type is the most common in disease for Streptococcus suis?

A

type 2

84
Q

How is Streptococcus suis identified best?

A

carbohydrate fermenration and capsular typing

85
Q

What virulence factors are associated with Streptococcus suis?

A

muramidase-released protein, extracellular protein factor, and Suilysin: cholesterol-binding toxin

86
Q

What does Streptococcus suis causein pigs?

A

septicemia - meningitis, arthritis, and respiratory infections

87
Q

When is Streptococcus suis transmitted?

A

at birth

88
Q

Does immunization of sows against Streptococcus suis provide protection?

A

very marginal protection

89
Q

What does Streptococcus suis cause in humans?

A

septicemia with meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and endocarditis

90
Q

How does Streptococcus suis infect humans?

A

it enters through cuts, abrasions, conjunctiva, etc.

91
Q

What happened in china due to Streptococcus suis?

A

toxic shock syndrome

92
Q

What are known as the mastitis streptococci?

A

S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactia, S. uberis, and entercocci

93
Q

What type of hemolysis does S. agalactiae exhibit?

A

narrow-zone beta hemolysis

94
Q

Is S. agalactiae CAMP positive or negative?

A

positive

95
Q

How does S. agalactiae spread?

A

via milking equipment

96
Q

What is the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae?

A

it is acute localized mastitis initially and then becomes chronic and the mammary gland loses much of its functional tissue

97
Q

How do you control S. agalactiae?

A

Culture every quarter, treat only the infected cows, re-culture and re-treat, re-culture and cull the non-responders

98
Q

Is there immunization for S. agalactiae?

A

nope

99
Q

What does S. agalactiae cause in fish?

A

skin lesions

100
Q

In humans what strep group is S. agalactiae?

A

B

101
Q

What does S. agalactiae cause in humans?

A

middle ear infections, meningitis, and septicemia in infants and prenant women

102
Q

What strep group is S. dysgalactiae subsp. Dysgalactiae?

A

C

103
Q

What hemolytic pattern does S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae exhibit?

A

alpha

104
Q

Where does S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae typically live?

A

on the skin and in the oral cavity

105
Q

What does S. dysgalactiae subsp. Dysgalactiae produce?

A

M-like prortein, an Fc-receptor protein, and a fibronectin receptor

106
Q

What strep group does S. uberis belong to?

A

none

107
Q

What hemolytic pattern does S. uberis exhibit?

A

no hemolysis but a slight greening of the agar

108
Q

Where does S. uberis typically live?

A

GI tract in cattle, skin, and in bedding

109
Q

What specific cows does S. uberis cause mastitis in?

A

loose-housed dairy cattle

110
Q

What hemolytic pattern does Enterococci exhibit?

A

alpha hemolysis

111
Q

Where is enterococci common?

A

in intestinal tract and ‘other sites’

112
Q

What commonly does enterococci cause?

A

valvular endocarditis, mastitis, and dental plaque

113
Q

What does S. pneumoniae cause in humans?

A

respiratory tract infections (diplococcal pneumonia)

114
Q

What is capsular type III of S. pneumoniae the cause of and in what species?

A

respiratory disease in horses

Microbiology (50 decks)

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