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Microbiology > Unit 3: Gallibacterium, Haemophilus and Histophilus > Flashcards

Unit 3: Gallibacterium, Haemophilus and Histophilus Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What has Gallibacterium anatis been incriminated in causing in chickens?

A

peritonitis

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2
Q

When working in combination with Escherichia coli, what can Gallibacterium anatis cause?

A

severe peritonitis

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3
Q

Generally, how would you describe the genus Haemophilus (gram stain, oxidase, growth)?

A

blood loving, small gram-negative rods, oxidase positive, and slow growing

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4
Q

What may the genus Haemophilus need to grow?

A

hemin, nicotine adenine dinucleotide, serum, or CO2

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5
Q

What does Haemophilus parasuis cause in swine?

A

Glasser’s disease - polyserositis, arthritis, and meningitis

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6
Q

What does Haemophilus parasuis require for growth?

A

NAD and serum

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7
Q

What type of colonies does Haemophilus parasuis have?

A

small translucent colonies that are non-hemolytic

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8
Q

What is the natural habitat of Haemophilus parasuis?

A

nasopharynx of many normal swine

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9
Q

How is Haemophilus parasuis transmitted?

A

by aerosol and contact

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10
Q

Haemophilus parasuis has been recovered from ______ in baby pigs but it may not be the cause of the _______.

A

pneumonias; pneumonia

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11
Q

What specifically does Haemophilus parasuis infections cause?

A

fibrinous inflammation of the pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, joints, and in severe cases, meninges

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12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with a Haemophilus parasuis infection?

A

swollen joints and lameness, bronchitis, pleuritis, peritonitis, and fever

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13
Q

What predisposes swine to infection by Haemophilus parasuis and what does it result in?

A

swine influenza or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome resulting in coughing, fever, lobular pneumonia, and occasional death

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14
Q

What is needed for Haemophilus parasuis colonies to grow?

A

Staph nurse

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15
Q

Are there vaccines against Haemophilus parasuis infection and if so are they helpful?

A

Yes, against serotypes 1,2,4, and 5 - autogenous and commercial bacterins as well as modified live vaccines
There is some success but this infection is still a problem in swine confinement facilities

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16
Q

How do you treat a Haemophilus parasuis infection?

A

Penecillin, Tetracycline, and tiamulin

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17
Q

What genera is Histophilus somni related to?

A

Pasteurella and Actinobacillus

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18
Q

What disease processes does Histophilus somni cause and in what species?

A

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis and respiratory disease primarily in feedlot cattle but it has been isolated from cases of septicemia, epididymitis, abortion, meningitis, vulvovaginitis, and mastitis in sheep

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19
Q

On gram stain, what does Histophilus somni look like?

A

gram negative small coccobacillus

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20
Q

On primary isolation, what does Histophilus somni require for growth?

A

CO2

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21
Q

Is Histophilus somni hemolytic?

A

no but many isolates produce a greening of the agar around the colonies

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22
Q

What is the habitat of Histophilus somni?

A

the upper respiratory tract of cattle and in the genital tract of male and female cattle

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23
Q

What toxins does Histophilus somni produce?

A

endotoxin and lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

24
Q

What may be the roles of the LOS produced by Histophilus somni?

A

it may play a role in disease by inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells and may help the organism evade the host immune system

25
Q

What other virulence factors does Histophilus somni have?

A

Adenine, guanine, GMP, Fc-receptor proteins

26
Q

What is believed to be the function of adenine, guanine, and GMP released by Histophilus somni?

A

they are thought to aid in the intracellular survival of the organism by mitigating the oxidative burst

27
Q

What enables the dissemination of Histophilus somni throughout the host’s body?

A

it is able to survive in blood monocytes

28
Q

What is TME?

A

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis caused by Histophilus somni

29
Q

When does TME typically occur in feedlot cattle?

A

2-4 weeks after shipping and often during periods of we, changeable fall weather

30
Q

What is the route of infection of TME in feedlot cattle and what does it lead to?

A

Infection is via the respiratory tract leading to fibrinous meningitis with arterial thrombosis and necrosis

31
Q

Clinically, what does one see with TME?

A

fever, anorexia, lameness, neurologic signs, weakness and somnolence

32
Q

Histophilus somni can cause what in cows although it has not been recognized in the midwest?

A

abortion, infertility, and retained placenta

33
Q

Is there natural immunity against Histophilus somni infection?

A

not exactly - if they recover from it then they have good immunity against it

34
Q

Are there bacterins for Histophilus somni and are they effective?

A

There are bacterins but they are thought to only be the most effective against the clinical effects of TME and not the respiratory disease associated with this bacteria

35
Q

How is Histophilus somni infection treated?

A

tetracycline, long-acting macrolides, and ceftiofur

36
Q

__________ _________ was previously the second leading cause of bacterial meningitis in human infants.

A

Haemophilus influenzae

37
Q

What does Haemophilus influenzae continue to be an important cause of?

A

cellulitis, bacteremia, otitis media, pyoarthrosis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and community acquired respiratory tract infections

38
Q

On gram stain, what does Haemophilus influenzae look like?

A

it is a gram negative rod that exhibits considerable pleomorphism

39
Q

What is the most common capsular type of Haemophilus influenzae composed of?

A

a polyribitol phosphate that is very similar to the teichoic acids of gram-positives

40
Q

Since the capsule of Haemophilus influenzae tends to not decolorize properly, what stain is recommended for this organism?

A

Carbol-fuchsin

41
Q

What is the principle antigen of importance for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

the capsule

42
Q

What is the most common capsule that Haemophilus influenzae has?

A

type b capsule (Hib)

43
Q

Why are children under the age of 2 susceptible to Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A

because they do not generate a significant antibody response to the b capsular type even in the face of an infection

44
Q

What other antigens are important in Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A

LOS and OMPs

45
Q

What is the role of Haemophilus influenzae LOS toxin?

A

it is thought to contribute to the ability of the organism to produce invasive disease but its exact role is unknown

46
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A

It is thought to initially colonize the nasopharynx and spread from there. The role of stress and concurrent disease such as viral infections is not understood

47
Q

At what age do children typically get meningitis as a result of a Haemophilus influenzae infection and what preceeds it?

A

3 months to 6 years of age; preceded by respiratory signs for several days

48
Q

How does acute epiglottitis present in a Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Clinical disease has an acute onset with a rapid course. Marked edema and abscessation of the epiglottis may occur - severely affected individuals may need a tracheostomy

49
Q

What age individuals does acute epiglottitis occur in people infected with Haemophilus influenzae?

A

older children and adults

50
Q

Where does cellulitis as the result of a haemophilus influenzae infection typically occur and how does it appear?

A

in the cheek and appears as the area of initial reddening and soreness that progresses to a dark purplish color

51
Q

What age individuals typically get cellulitis as the result of a Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A

under 2 years of age

52
Q

Bacteremia without local disease due to Haemophilus influenzae infection occurs in what percentage of individuals infected and at what age?

A

20% - 3 months to 3 years

53
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is the second leading cause of _____ _______.

A

otitis media

54
Q

True or False: The majority of isolates of Haemophilus influenzae involved in otitis media are type b.

A

False: they are untypable

55
Q

What are newer vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae complexed with?

A

either a mutant diptheria toxin or the Neisseria meningitidis group B polysaccharide

Microbiology (50 decks)

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