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Microbiology > Unit 3 - Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Aeromonas, and Flavobacterium > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Aeromonas, and Flavobacterium Flashcards

1
Q

Which Pseudomonas species is the most important?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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2
Q

On gram stain, what does Pseudomonas aeruginosa look like?

A

gram negative slender rod with flagella and a capsule (frequently present)

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3
Q

What are suitable disinfectants for the genus Pseudomonas?

A

phenolics and beta-glutaraldehyde

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4
Q

What ‘group’ does Pseudomonas aeruginosa belong in?

A

the fluorescent group

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5
Q

What does green pus bacillus do?

A

it produces the pigment pyocyanin which is responsible for blue-green color

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6
Q

What do most pyocins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa do?

A

cause damage to other bacterial cells

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7
Q

What type of organism is Pseudomonas aeruginosa in regards to oxygen?

A

it is an obligate aerobe however it is able to use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor so it can grow in anaerobic conditions

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8
Q

What other nutrient (other than nitrate) can Pseudomonas aeruginosa use to anaerobically as an energy source?

A

arginine

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9
Q

What media does Pseudomonas aeruginosa grow well on?

A

brilliant green and MacConkeys

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10
Q

Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa lactose positive or negative?

A

negative

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11
Q

Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxidase positive or negative?

A

positive

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12
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ferments carbohydrates with acid production but this is overwhelmed by ________ produced by utilization of the protein in the media.

A

ammonia

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13
Q

What do colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa look like?

A

they are usually large and mucoid but can be flat and dry, the colonies are green in color and have a characteristic sharp zone of complete beta hemolysis

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14
Q

What is the natural habitat of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

water, soil, skin, mucous membranes, and the intestinal tract

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15
Q

How is Pseudomonas aeruginosa transmitted?

A

it is a common skin contaminant or can be introduced to tissues through contaminated intravenous solutions, endotracheal tubes, surgical instruments, water in hot tubs and swimming pools, surgical scrubs, and other sources

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16
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A

it has comparratively low virulence and does not usually actively invade tissues - it is a classical opportunist and infection is associated with immunosuppression or some type of damage to the tissues

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17
Q

What toxins and virulence factors does Pseudomonsas aeruginosa have?

A

Phsopholipase C, Exotoxin A, Exoenzyme S, Elastase B and A, proteasesm extracellular slime, and pyocyanin

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18
Q

What does phospholipase C of Pseudomonas aeruginosa do?

A

it causes beta hemolysis, paralysis, death, dermonecrosis, and vascular permeability in mice

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19
Q

What is an initial function of phospholipase C of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is unique to humans?

A

it can contribute to the virulence of the organism by breaking down pulmonary surfactant and causing tissue damage and necrosis

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20
Q

What is the function of Exotoxin A produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

it inhibits protein synthesis by NAD-dependent, ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2

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21
Q

What is the structure of Exotoxin A produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

it has a typical A-B structure with the exception that it is essentially composed of a single polypeptide chain with three domains

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22
Q

What is the role of the three domains of Exotoxin A produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

the first domain is the binding unit, the middle one is responsible for facilitating the translocation of the third domain which is the carboxy terminal end or active domain into the cell

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23
Q

What is the target organ of Exotoxin A produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

the liver

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24
Q

What is the role of Exoenzyme S produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

it serves to enhavce the severity of infection and has been shown to damage a number of cell types in vitro

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25
Q

What type of infections are Elastase B and A produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with?

A

corneal infections and pulmonary infections

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26
Q

What is the function of Elastase B produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

it degrades immunoglobulins G and A, complement, airway, lysozome, and coagulation factors. It also inhibits gamma interferon and NK cell activity

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27
Q

The production of proteases by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is greater in what tissues?

A

damaged ones

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28
Q

Extracellular slime produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ________(its protective mechanism).

A

antiphagocytic

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29
Q

What is the function of extracellular slime produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

it generates microcolonies in tissues (such as the lungs) and restricts access of immunoglobulins to the O-antigen polysaccharides

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30
Q

What diseases are associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

urinary tract infections, otitis externa, post-surgical infections, sepsis in compromised hosts (burn wounds), nasal infections (dogs and cats), mastitis, reproductive tract infections, and hemorrhagic pneumonia (mink and chinchillas)

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31
Q

Currently there is only one successful immunization product against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. What is it for?

A

hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink and chinchillas

32
Q

What antibiotics can be used for a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection?

A

gentamicin, sulfas, carbenicillin, amikacin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems

33
Q

What organism is the cause of glanders?

A

Burkholderia mallei

34
Q

How does Burkholderia mallei appear on gram stain?

A

it is a gram negative long slender rod without flagella

35
Q

How does Burkholderia mallei grow on culture?

A

the growth is slow but it is enhanced by glycerol and does not ferment carbohydrates

36
Q

Where is Burkholderia mallei a problem?

A

where horses play an important role in commerce

37
Q

Generally, how is Burkholderia mallei transmitted?

A

via infected exudates through feed, water, and direct contact

38
Q

How is Burkholderia mallei transmitted in humans?

A

usually through contact with exudate or wounds at post mortem

39
Q

How is Burkholderia mallei transmitted in carnivores?

A

from ingestion of infected meat

40
Q

Generally, what disease does Burkholderia mallei cause (the answer is not glanders)?

A

acute, fatal septicemia with a high fever and the development of a thick nasal mucopurulent discharge and respiratory signs

41
Q

What are the three forms of infection that Burkholderia mallei is recognized by?

A

pulmonary, nasal, and farcy or cutaneous glanders

42
Q

What lesions are associated with pulmonary infection caused by Burkholderia mallei?

A

encapsulated nodules in the lungs with caseous pus, sometimes with calcified centers

43
Q

What lesions are associated with nasal infection caused by Burkholderia mallei?

A

nodules in nasal mucous membranes which rupture, release exudate, and form ulcers

44
Q

What lesions are associated with farcey or cutaneous glanders caused by Burkholderia mallei?

A

nodules along the cutaneous lymph channels most often in the limbs; the nodules open and drain thick pus that is highly infectious

45
Q

When humans are infected with Burkholderi mallei, which is rare, what lesions are caused?

A

a cutaneous infection but can cause an acute, fatal pulmonary infection (95% case fatality rate without treatment)

46
Q

Is there immunity to Burkholderi mallei?

A

Nah fam. Acute disease is fatal, chronic infections are progressive although some animals live for years. There are no vaccines

47
Q

How is infection of Burkholderi mallei diagnosed?

A

intrapalpebral injection of mallein which causes purulent conjunctivitis, ELISA and PCR

48
Q

How is Burkholderi mallei treated in animals?

A

quarantine and euthanasia

49
Q

What does Burkholderi pseudomallei cause?

A

melioidosis - a glanders-like disease

50
Q

What parts of the world experience infections of Burkholderi pseudomallei?

A

southeast asia, india, china, and northern Australia

51
Q

What is the habitat of Burkholderi pseudomallei?

A

soil and water in SE Asia and other tropical and subtropical areas

52
Q

How is Burkholderi pseudomallei transmitted?

A

It is harbored in rodents and can be isolated from water and soil in endemic areas. The main source of tranmission is inhalation

53
Q

What lesions are associated with a Burkholderia pseudomallei infection?

A

small caseous nodules in almost any tissues

54
Q

How is Burkholderia pseudomallei treated?

A

a course of 10-14 days of intravenous antimicrobial therapy in humans followed by 3-6 months of oral antimicrobial administration

55
Q

Generally, what is the habitat of Aeromonas?

A

fresh water and sewage - it can be isolated from most fish tanks and many water sources

56
Q

What species does Aeromonas hydrophila infect?

A

humans, amphibians, reptiles, and fish

57
Q

What does Aeromonas hydrophila cause in frogs?

A

red leg - septicemia

58
Q

What does Aeromonas hydrophila cause in turtles?

A

necrotic stomatitis

59
Q

What does Aeromonas hydrophila cause in humans?

A

cellulitis or wound infection, acute diarrhea, septicemia

60
Q

Is Aeromonas hydrophila oxidase positive or negative?

61
Q

Does Aeromonas hydrophila ferment glucose?

A

yes - to produce gas or acid

62
Q

What do the virulence factors that Aeromonas hydrophila produces cause?

A

tissue destruction

63
Q

How is Aeromonas hydrophila diagnosed?

A

bacterial culture

64
Q

What does Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida cause?

A

skin ulceration, furunculosis, and septicemia

65
Q

What species does Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida infect?

A

coldwater fish species such as salmon, trout, and grayling

66
Q

How must Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida be cultured?

A

at room temp

67
Q

What disease does Flavobacterium columnare cause and in what species?

A

columnaris disease of warmwater fish

68
Q

Columnaris disease is the second leading cause of mortality in what population of fish?

A

pond-raised catfish

69
Q

What lesions are caused by Flavobacterium columnare?

A

a brown to yellowish-brown lesions on the gills, skin, and/or fins

70
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Flavobacterium columnare?

A

The bacteria attaches to the surface of the gills, grows in spreading patches, and erodes the gill surface through the production of proteolytic enzymes. The cartilagenous structure of the gills break down due to the bacteria

71
Q

How is infection by Flavobacterium columnare treated?

A

by treating the water with potassium permanganate for the external disease and terramycin in the feed for the rest

72
Q

In what species does Flavobacterium psychrophilum cause devastating disease?

A

in freshwater salmon and trout

73
Q

In adult fish, what does Flavobacterium psychrophilum cause?

A

extensive necrotic lesions called cold-water disease

74
Q

In young fish, what does Flavobacterium psychrophilum cause?

A

hemorrhagic septicemia referred to as rainbow trout fry syndrome (its fatal)

75
Q

How is Flavobacterium psychrophilum transmitted?

A

vertically from fish eggs to fry to adults

76
Q

What do proteases produced by Flavobacterium psychrophilum do?

A

they hydrolyze fish tissues

Microbiology (50 decks)

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