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Microbiology > Immunology Review > Flashcards

Immunology Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the important immunoglobulins in antibacterial defense?

A

IgA, IgM, and IgG

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2
Q

What percentage of immunoglobulins is IgA?

A

5-15 %

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3
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

on mucosal surfaces, in colostrum, respiratory and intestinal secretions, tears, saliva, and other secretions

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4
Q

What is the half life of IgA?

A

6 days

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5
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

it can bind to fimbria to prevent adhesion of these bacteria to the mucosal surface and resists proteolytic digestion by intestinal enzymes

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6
Q

What does IgA need help from to produce secretory IgA?

A

t-cell help

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7
Q

How do bacteria stimulate the production of IgA?

A

they colonize or invade through mucosal surfaces

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8
Q

What is the predominant immunoglobulin in the bloodstream and tissues?

A

IgG - 85% of the total

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9
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A

opsonization and killing of bacteria, and chemotaxis

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10
Q

What is opsonization and killing of bacteria mediated by?

A

complement

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11
Q

How can IgG opsonize bacteria directly?

A

by facilitating bacterium-phagocytic contact via the Fc receptor on the phagocyte

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12
Q

What response is IgG the principle antibody in?

A

the amnestic (booster) response

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13
Q

What is required for the production of IgG?

A

T-cell help and generation of long term memory cells

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14
Q

What species is IgG the predominant antibody on mucosal surfaces and in milk, colostrum, and intestinal tracts?

A

ruminants

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15
Q

What is the primary antibody in the early immune response?

A

IgM

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16
Q

Where is IgM found?

A

the intravascular space

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17
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

fixing complement

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18
Q

In regards to pathogenic bacteria, what is IgM important for?

A

immunity against polysaccharide antigens on their surface

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19
Q

What stimulates an IgM response (in regards to bacteria)?

A

bacterial polysaccharides and peptidoglycan because they are T-cell independent antigens

20
Q

What is the half-life for IgM?

A

5 days

21
Q

What percentage of immunoglobulins is IgE?

A

1%

22
Q

What is the half-life of IgE?

A

2.5 days

23
Q

Where is most IgE bound?

A

to Fc receptors on mast cells

24
Q

What happens when antigen binds to IgE?

A

the cell degranulates and releases histamine, prostaglandin, platelet activating factor, and cytokines

25
Q

What are the functions of complement?

A

opsonization and killing

26
Q

How does complement opsonize?

A

deposition of C3b onto the bacterial surface enhances the phagocytosis of the bacterium by interacting with receptors on the surface of the phagocyte

27
Q

How does complement kill?

A

the end-point of the complement cascade is the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) that is capable of lysing susceptible gram-negative bacteria.

28
Q

What pathways can complement act through?

A

classical or alternate

29
Q

Which pathway requires antibody?

A

classical

30
Q

What bacterial components are capable of activating the alternate pathway?

A

LPS, capsular polysaccharides, and other cell wall constituents

31
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

an iron binding protein that is present in milk and many other secretions - its antibacterial effect derives from its ability to limit the amount of iron available for uptake by bacteria

32
Q

What is transferrin?

A

a protein that forms a similar function to lactoferrin but in serum

33
Q

What is conglutinin?

A

a component of bovine serum that can aggregate Ag-Ab complexes to which complement is bound

34
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

a serum protein with a number of binding sites for both bacteria and phagocytic cells; it helps to opsinize

35
Q

What must be intact in order for gram negative organisms to resist complement?

A

the complete outer membrane (LPS) and accomanying structures

36
Q

Which complement pathways can LPS activate?

A

classical and alternative

37
Q

Most bacteria associated with invasive infections are _______.

A

encapsulated

38
Q

What part of the outer membrane is associated with resistance to complement?

A

O-Antigen

39
Q

What does some bacteria produce that is capable of breaking down complement?

A

peptidases

40
Q

Are immunoglobulins alone harmless to most pathogenic bacteria?

A

yes

41
Q

What may inhibit the MAC of complement (generally)?

A

some proteins in the cell wall of bacteria

42
Q

How can bacteria degrade immunoglobulibs?

A

via trypsin-like enzymes

43
Q

How may bacteria avoid the immune response?

A

by infecting sites of the hosts body that have poor defenses (epithelial cells of the respiratory, alimentary, and urogenital tracts, the mammary gland, and the gall bladder)

44
Q

What is antigenic similarity?

A

when an organism possesses antigens that are similar to those of the host tissues

45
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

when an organism alters the main component against which the host’s immune response is directed

Microbiology (50 decks)

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