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Microbiology > Staphylococcus > Flashcards

Staphylococcus Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the genus Staphylococcuslook like on a gram stain?

A

gram positive, clustering cocci

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2
Q

Compare the shapes of Staphylococcusvs. Micrococcus.

A

Staphylococcus is spherical, Micrococcus is not always spherical

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3
Q

Compare the gram reactions of Staphylococcusvs. Micrococcus.

A

Staphylococcus is gram positive, Micrococcus decolorizes readily

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4
Q

Compare the colony colors of Staphylococcusvs. Micrococcus.

A

Staphylococcus has white to golden colonies, Micrococcus has clear to yellow colonies

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5
Q

Compare the hemolysis patterns of Staphylococcusvs. Micrococcus.

A

Staphylococcus has some hemolytic species, Micrococcus is nonhemolytic

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6
Q

Compare the O2 requirements of Staphylococcusvs. Micrococcus.

A

Staphylococcus is faculative, Micrococcus is an obligate aerobe

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7
Q

Compare the salt tolerance of Staphylococcusvs. Micrococcus.

A

Staphylococcus has good salt tolerance, Micrococcus has poor salt tolerance

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8
Q

What inactivates lipases?

A

there is a prophage that has inserted into the lipase gene and inactivates it

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9
Q

What is alpha hemolysis?

A

the incomplete lysis of RBC’s

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10
Q

What is beta hemolysis?

A

the complete lysis of RBC’s

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11
Q

What is gamma hemolysis? And do we care?

A

no hemolysis - no we use the term ‘no hemolysis’

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12
Q

What type of hemolysin causes alpha hemolysis?

A

beta

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13
Q

What type of hemolysin causes beta hemolysis?

A

alpha

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14
Q

If both hemolysin are present, then what pattern of hemolysis occurs?

A

double zone hemolysis

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15
Q

What is shown here?

A

double zone hemolysis

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16
Q

What is the structure of staphylococcal alpha hemolysin?

A

it assembles as a mushroom shaped heptamer with a central channel

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17
Q

What does staphylococcal alpha hemolysin do?

A

it forms poers in cell membranes and produces a lot of tissue necrosis

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18
Q

What is the function of beta hemolysin?

A

it has phospholipase C activity - it causes the collapse of the erythrocyte cell membrane

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19
Q

T/F: Gamma hemolysin is only one protein.

A

False - it is made up of three proteins; A, B, and C

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20
Q

What properties does gamma hemolysin have?

A

inflammatory properties

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21
Q

What type of hemolysis does delta hemolysin have?

A

complete

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22
Q

What type of action does delta hemolysin have?

A

detergent-like action

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23
Q

What is the function of leukocidin and what is it active against?

A

it kills white cells - only active against neutrophils and macrophages

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24
Q

What are PNAGs?

A

poly-N-acetylglucosamines - extracellular polysaccharides mediating biofilm formation

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25
Q

What is staphylokinase and what does it do?

A

a spreading factor that breaks down fibrin and allows the organism to spread

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26
Q

What is the most important test for pathogenicity in staphylococci?

A

the coagulase test - free and bound tests

27
Q

How does the free coagulase test work?

A

it converts fibrinogen to fibrin

28
Q

How does the bound coagulase test work?

A

it agglutinates the organism in the presence of plasma

29
Q

What is hyaluronidase?

A

a spreading factor that breaks down hyaluronic acid

30
Q

What are the three superantigens?

A

enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST1), and exfoliative toxins

31
Q

What are the type of enterotoxins?

A

A-E, G and H

32
Q

What are enterotoxins commonly a factor in (illness/disease) ?

A

food poisoning

33
Q

Are enterotoxins heat resistant or heat susceptable?

A

heat resistant

34
Q

What disease is exfoliative toxins commonly associated with?

A

scalded skin syndrome

35
Q

Generally, what do the colonies of S. aureus look like?

A

they are gold colonies but can be white

36
Q

What is S. aureusresistant to?

A

heat and disinfectants

37
Q

What is 50 to 60 percent of the cell wall of S. aureusmade up of?

A

peptidoglycan

38
Q

What is the role of teichoic acids in S. aureus?

A

it is released from the organism to tie up antibody from the host

39
Q

What Staphylococcus species is protein A found in?

A

S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius

40
Q

What is the role of protein A?

A

it binds to antibody via the Fc region and the bacteria then coat themselves with the host antibody making the host continually susceptible to re-infection

41
Q

Does S. aureus have a capsule?

A

yes, but it is only present in-vivo and is quickly lost on culture

42
Q

What is the role of lipases in S. aureus?

A

they breakdown bactericidal fatty acids on the skin and is responsible in large part for the ability of the organism to colonize this tissue

43
Q

What disease in cattle, sheep, and goats is associated with S. aureus?

A

mastitis

44
Q

What is found in some isolates of S. aureus associated with cattle?

A

TSST1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin)

45
Q

What does S. aureuscause in dogs?

A

skin infections, pustular dermatitis, wound infections, otitis, urogenital (especially cystitis), acral lick dermatitis, and mastitis

46
Q

What does S. aureus cause in cats?

A

abscesses, wounds of conquest, urinary infections

47
Q

What does S. aureus cause in horses?

A

wounds and abscesses

48
Q

What is about 80% of staph infections in horses?

A

S. pseudintermedius

49
Q

What does S. aureus cause in avian species?

A

gangrenous or necrotic dermatitis, bumblefoot, and occasional ocular infections

50
Q

What human are some human staph infections?

A

conjunctivitis, bolis, otitis, sinusitis, cystitis, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, septicemia, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning

51
Q

What leukocyte is very important to immunity in S. aureus?

A

neutrophils

52
Q

What are the subspecies of Staphylococcus schleiferi?

A

shleiferi and coagulans

53
Q

What diseases are associated with Staphylococcus schleiferi?

A

pyoderma, otitis externa

54
Q

Is S. epidermidis coagulase negative or positive?

A

negative

55
Q

What diseases are associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

mild or subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle and goats, skin infections, and septicemia in humans associated with intravenous catheters

56
Q

What disease is associated with Staphylococcus hyicus subspecies 1?

A

exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)

57
Q

What does S. hyicusdo to the epidermis in pigs?

A

separation of epidermal cells, exfoliation, erythema, and outpouring of serum

58
Q

How is S. hyicus prevented in pigs?

A

they are vaccinated or antibiotics are used

59
Q

What disease is associated with Staphylococcus hyicus subspecies 2?

A

mastitis in dairy cattle

60
Q

What disease is S. sciuri and S. xylosus associated with?

A

low-grade mastitis in dairy cattle

61
Q

What disease is S. saprophyticus associated with?

A

cystitis

62
Q

What is S. gallinarum associated with?

A

poultry - it is commonly found on skin

63
Q

What tests are used to differentiate staphylococci species?

A

hemolysis, coagulase, VP test, carbohydrate fermentation tests, MALDI-TOF MS, and phage typing

Microbiology (50 decks)

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