Tumour Pathology 5 Flashcards
<p>What is carcinogenesis due to?</p>
<p>Geographic and environment factors</p>
<p>Age</p>
<p>Heredity</p>
<p>What are the 2 categories of normal genes that can be disrupted and cause cancer?</p>
<p>Tumour suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)</p>
<p>Proto-oncogenes</p>
<p>What are tumour suppressor genes?</p>
<p>Normal growth inhibitor genes that regulate:</p>
<p></p>
<p>Mitosis (Rb)</p>
<p>Apoptosis (p53)</p>
<p>DNA repair</p>
<p>What are anti-oncogenes also known as?</p>
<p>Tumour suppressor genes</p>
<p>What does p53 regulate?</p>
<p>Apoptosis</p>
<p>What is a key event in tumour formation?</p>
<p>Uncontrolled proliferation, due to cell cycle dysfunction, due to loss of tumour suppressor gene function</p>
<p>What are other mutations that can directly impact the performance of pRb?</p>
<p>CKD4</p>
<p>Cyclin D</p>
<p>CDKIs</p>
<p>What does absent or inactive pRb do?</p>
<p>Releases the brake on the cell cycle, causing cell proliferation</p>
<p>What are the causes of retinoblastomas?</p>
<p>Sporadic</p>
<p>Inherited</p>
<p>What are examples of inherited predispositions to cancer?</p>
<p>Familial retinoblastoma</p>
<p>Familial adenomatous polyposis of colon</p>
<p>Multiple endocrine neoplasia</p>
<p>Neurofibromatosis</p>
<p>Van Hippel-Lindou Syndrome</p>
<p>What are some known inherited mutations of anti-oncogenes?</p>
<p>APC</p>
<p>p53</p>
<p>Rb</p>
<p>p16</p>
<p>BRCA1/2</p>
<p>What does an inherited mutation of APC cause?</p>
<p>FAP colon cancer</p>
<p>What does an inherited mutation of Rbcause?</p>
<p>Retinoblastoma</p>
<p>What does an inherited mutation of p16 cause?</p>
<p>Malignant melanoma</p>
<p>What does an inherited mutation of BRCA1/2 cause?</p>
<p>Breast cancer</p>
<p>What is the function of APC?</p>
<p>Signal transduction</p>
<p>What is the function of p16?</p>
<p>Cell cycle/apoptosis after DNA damage</p>
<p>What is the function of Rb?</p>
<p>Cell cycle regulation</p>
<p>What is the function of p16?</p>
<p>Inhibits CDKs</p>
<p>What is the function of BRCA1/2?</p>
<p>DNA repair</p>
<p>What are proto-oncogenes?</p>
<p>Normal genes coding for normal proteins that regulate growth</p>
<p>What are some functions of proto-oncogenes?</p>
<p>Growth factors</p>
<p>Growth factor receptors</p>
<p>Signal transduction</p>
<p>What are oncogenes derived from?</p>
<p>Proto-oncogenes</p>
<p>What are oncogenes activated by?</p>
<p>Alteration of proto-oncogene structure</p>
<p>Dysregulation of proto-oncogene expression</p>
<p>What can cause an alteration of proto-oncogene structure?</p>
<p>Point mutation</p>
<p>Chromosome rearrangements and translocation</p>
<p>What do oncogenes generate?</p>
<p>Active oncogene products</p>
<p>What are active oncogene products?</p>
<p>Growth factors</p>
<p>Growth factor receptors</p>
<p>Proteins involved in signal transduction</p>
<p>Nuclear regulatory proteins</p>
<p>Cell cycle regulators</p>
<p>How many copies of an oncogene do you need to cause cause?</p>
<p>Only one, not two</p>
<p>What is the process of viral carcinogenesis?</p>
<p>1) Virus inserts genome near a host proto-oncogene</p>
<p>2) Viral promoter or other transcription regulation element cause proto-oncogene overexpression</p>
<p>What is the relationship between reteroviruses and carcinogenesis?</p>
<p>Reteroviruses insert an oncogene into host DNA causing cell division</p>
<p>What are some viruses that are known to cause cancer?</p>
<p>HPV</p>
<p>Hepatisis B</p>
<p>EBV</p>
<p>What cancer does HPV cause?</p>
<p>Cervical cancer</p>
<p>What cancer does Hepatitis B cause?</p>
<p>Liver</p>
<p>What cancer does EBV cause?</p>
<p>Burkitt lymphoma</p>
<p>What is the process of chemical carcinogenesis?</p>
<p>1) Chemicals react with DNA to form covalently binded products known as DNA adducts</p>
<p>2) Leads to activation of oncogenes and suppression of tumour suppressor genes</p>
<p>What is formed when chemicals bind to DNA in chemical carcinogenesis?</p>
<p>DNA adducts</p>
<p>How many steps are necessary for carcinogenesis?</p>
<p>More than one step, a series of mutations is required</p>
<p>How does the number of mutations change as time goes on?</p>
<p>Mutations accumulate</p>
