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0. Foundations of Medicine > Tumour Pathology 5 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 5 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What is carcinogenesis due to?</p>

A

<p>Geographic and environment factors</p>

<p>Age</p>

<p>Heredity</p>

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2
Q

<p>What are the 2 categories of normal genes that can be disrupted and cause cancer?</p>

A

<p>Tumour suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)</p>

<p>Proto-oncogenes</p>

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3
Q

<p>What are tumour suppressor genes?</p>

A

<p>Normal growth inhibitor genes that regulate:</p>

<p></p>

<p>Mitosis (Rb)</p>

<p>Apoptosis (p53)</p>

<p>DNA repair</p>

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4
Q

<p>What are anti-oncogenes also known as?</p>

A

<p>Tumour suppressor genes</p>

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5
Q

<p>What does p53 regulate?</p>

A

<p>Apoptosis</p>

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6
Q

<p>What is a key event in tumour formation?</p>

A

<p>Uncontrolled proliferation, due to cell cycle dysfunction, due to loss of tumour suppressor gene function</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are other mutations that can directly impact the performance of pRb?</p>

A

<p>CKD4</p>

<p>Cyclin D</p>

<p>CDKIs</p>

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8
Q

<p>What does absent or inactive pRb do?</p>

A

<p>Releases the brake on the cell cycle, causing cell proliferation</p>

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9
Q

<p>What are the causes of retinoblastomas?</p>

A

<p>Sporadic</p>

<p>Inherited</p>

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10
Q

<p>What are examples of inherited predispositions to cancer?</p>

A

<p>Familial retinoblastoma</p>

<p>Familial adenomatous polyposis of colon</p>

<p>Multiple endocrine neoplasia</p>

<p>Neurofibromatosis</p>

<p>Van Hippel-Lindou Syndrome</p>

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11
Q

<p>What are some known inherited mutations of anti-oncogenes?</p>

A

<p>APC</p>

<p>p53</p>

<p>Rb</p>

<p>p16</p>

<p>BRCA1/2</p>

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12
Q

<p>What does an inherited mutation of APC cause?</p>

A

<p>FAP colon cancer</p>

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13
Q

<p>What does an inherited mutation of Rbcause?</p>

A

<p>Retinoblastoma</p>

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14
Q

<p>What does an inherited mutation of p16 cause?</p>

A

<p>Malignant melanoma</p>

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15
Q

<p>What does an inherited mutation of BRCA1/2 cause?</p>

A

<p>Breast cancer</p>

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16
Q

<p>What is the function of APC?</p>

A

<p>Signal transduction</p>

17
Q

<p>What is the function of p16?</p>

A

<p>Cell cycle/apoptosis after DNA damage</p>

18
Q

<p>What is the function of Rb?</p>

A

<p>Cell cycle regulation</p>

19
Q

<p>What is the function of p16?</p>

A

<p>Inhibits CDKs</p>

20
Q

<p>What is the function of BRCA1/2?</p>

A

<p>DNA repair</p>

21
Q

<p>What are proto-oncogenes?</p>

A

<p>Normal genes coding for normal proteins that regulate growth</p>

22
Q

<p>What are some functions of proto-oncogenes?</p>

A

<p>Growth factors</p>

<p>Growth factor receptors</p>

<p>Signal transduction</p>

23
Q

<p>What are oncogenes derived from?</p>

A

<p>Proto-oncogenes</p>

24
Q

<p>What are oncogenes activated by?</p>

A

<p>Alteration of proto-oncogene structure</p>

<p>Dysregulation of proto-oncogene expression</p>

25
Q

<p>What can cause an alteration of proto-oncogene structure?</p>

A

<p>Point mutation</p>

<p>Chromosome rearrangements and translocation</p>

26
Q

<p>What do oncogenes generate?</p>

A

<p>Active oncogene products</p>

27
Q

<p>What are active oncogene products?</p>

A

<p>Growth factors</p>

<p>Growth factor receptors</p>

<p>Proteins involved in signal transduction</p>

<p>Nuclear regulatory proteins</p>

<p>Cell cycle regulators</p>

28
Q

<p>How many copies of an oncogene do you need to cause cause?</p>

A

<p>Only one, not two</p>

29
Q

<p>What is the process of viral carcinogenesis?</p>

A

<p>1) Virus inserts genome near a host proto-oncogene</p>

<p>2) Viral promoter or other transcription regulation element cause proto-oncogene overexpression</p>

30
Q

<p>What is the relationship between reteroviruses and carcinogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Reteroviruses insert an oncogene into host DNA causing cell division</p>

31
Q

<p>What are some viruses that are known to cause cancer?</p>

A

<p>HPV</p>

<p>Hepatisis B</p>

<p>EBV</p>

32
Q

<p>What cancer does HPV cause?</p>

A

<p>Cervical cancer</p>

33
Q

<p>What cancer does Hepatitis B cause?</p>

A

<p>Liver</p>

34
Q

<p>What cancer does EBV cause?</p>

A

<p>Burkitt lymphoma</p>

35
Q

<p>What is the process of chemical carcinogenesis?</p>

A

<p>1) Chemicals react with DNA to form covalently binded products known as DNA adducts</p>

<p>2) Leads to activation of oncogenes and suppression of tumour suppressor genes</p>

36
Q

<p>What is formed when chemicals bind to DNA in chemical carcinogenesis?</p>

A

<p>DNA adducts</p>

37
Q

<p>How many steps are necessary for carcinogenesis?</p>

A

<p>More than one step, a series of mutations is required</p>

38
Q

<p>How does the number of mutations change as time goes on?</p>

A

<p>Mutations accumulate</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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