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0. Foundations of Medicine > Foundations in Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Foundations in Immunology 1 Flashcards

Overview of the Immune System + Innate Immunity

1
Q

<p>What are pathogens?</p>

A

<p>Any microorganism that causes harm</p>

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2
Q

<p>What are examples of pathogens?</p>

A

<p>Virus</p>

<p>Protozoa</p>

<p>Bacteria</p>

<p>Fungi</p>

<p>Parasite</p>

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3
Q

<p>What is self tolerence?</p>

A

<p>The bodies immune defences not attacking tissue that carry a self marker</p>

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4
Q

<p>What is the first form of immunological defence?</p>

A

<p>Physical barriers</p>

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5
Q

<p>What are examples of physical barriers?</p>

A

<p>Skin</p>

<p>Mucosal barrier (reproductory, respiratory, digestive tract)</p>

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6
Q

<p>What produces mucus?</p>

A

<p>Goblet cells</p>

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7
Q

<p>What does mucus do?</p>

A

<p>Prevents the attachment of pathogens</p>

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8
Q

<p>What does mucus contain?</p>

A

<p>Antimicrobial enzymes that destroy pathogens</p>

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9
Q

<p>What are examples of the enzyme contained in mucus that destroys pathogens?</p>

A

<p>Growth inhibitors</p>

<p>Enzyme inhibitors</p>

<p>Lysine</p>

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10
Q

<p>What does mucus contain other than enzymes?</p>

A

<p>Immunoglobins (Ab) which help to destroy pathogens</p>

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11
Q

<p>What are the two components of the immune system?</p>

A

<p>Innate immune system</p>

<p>Adaptive immune system</p>

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12
Q

<p>What are some properties of the innate immune system?</p>

A

<p>Exists from birth</p>

<p>Non specific</p>

<p>First to respond</p>

<p>Same response every time, no immunological memory</p>

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13
Q

<p>What are some properties of the adaptive immune system?</p>

A

<p>Highly specific</p>

<p>Immunological memory</p>

<p>Antibody production</p>

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14
Q

<p>When is the adaptive immune system called?</p>

A

<p>When the innate immune system cannot deal with the threat on its own</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the cellular and chemical barrier of the innate immune system?</p>

A

<p>Skin</p>

<p>Mucosal epithelia</p>

<p>Antimicrobial chemicals</p>

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16
Q

<p>What is the blood protein of the innate immune system?</p>

A

<p>Compliment</p>

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17
Q

<p>What cells are involved in the innate immune system?</p>

A

<p>Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils)</p>

<p>Natural killer cells</p>

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18
Q

<p>What are the cellular and chemical barriers of the adaptive immune system?</p>

A

<p>Lymphocytes</p>

<p>Antobodies secretion</p>

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19
Q

<p>What is the blood protein of the adaptive immune system?</p>

A

<p>Antibodies</p>

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20
Q

<p>What cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?</p>

A

<p>Lymphocytes</p>

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21
Q

<p>How does the innate and adaptive immune system work together?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Dendritic cells mature and carries microbial antigen to local lymph node (innate)</li> <li>Becoming an antigen presenting cell (innate)</li> <li>Activates T cells to respond (adaptive)</li> <li>T cells go to the site of infection (adaptive)</li></ol>

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22
Q

<p>What does the innate immune system cause an influx of at the site of infection?</p>

A

<p>Macrophages which perform phagocytosis</p>

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23
Q

<p>What is the process of phagocytosis?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Engulfs bacterium</li> <li>Forming a phagosome</li> <li>Fuses with a lysosome which contains enzymes that kill the bacteria</li> <li>Discharge of waste material</li></ol>

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24
Q

<p>Where do immune cells develop?</p>

A

<p>Bone marow</p>

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25
Q

<p>What are the 4 effector T cells?</p>

A

<p>Th1</p>

<p>Th2</p>

<p>Th12</p>

<p>Tfh</p>

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26
Q

<p>What does Th1target?</p>

A

<p>Marcrophages</p>

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27
Q

<p>What does Th2target?</p>

A

<p>Eosinophils</p>

28
Q

<p>What does Th12target?</p>

A

<p>Neutrophils</p>

29
Q

<p>What does Tfhtarget?</p>

A

<p>B cells</p>

30
Q

<p>What do effector T cells do to their targets?</p>

A

<p>Activate their targets</p>

31
Q

<p>What is the relationship between manocytes and macrophages?</p>

A

<p>Manocytes are in the blood, once they enter connective tissue they differentiate into macrophages</p>

32
Q

<p>What do macrophases do?</p>

A

<p>Give of chemical messanges which:</p>

<p>Restrict blood flow away from the site</p>

<p>Cause swelling to allow more immune cells to help</p>

<p>Produce cytokines to alert other cells and induce travel to the site</p>

33
Q

<p>What do neutrophiles do?</p>

A

<p>Only perform phagocytosis, being activated when they enter the tissue</p>

34
Q

<p>How long do neutrophils survive for in the blood and in the tissue?</p>

A

<p>6 hours in the blood</p>

<p>5 days in the tissue</p>

35
Q

<p>What happens at the end of a neutrophils life?</p>

A

<p>They undergo apoptosis</p>

36
Q

<p>What do eosinophiles do?</p>

A

<p>Combat pathogens with granules of enzymes</p>

37
Q

<p>What kind of infection do eosinophiles usually combat?</p>

A

<p>Parasitic</p>

38
Q

<p>What kind of immune cells controls the mechanisms associated with asthma and allergies?</p>

A

<p>Eosinophile</p>

39
Q

<p>Where are eusinophiles found?</p>

A

<p>Thymus</p>

<p>Lower GI tract</p>

<p>Spleen</p>

<p>Ovary</p>

<p>Uteris</p>

<p>Lymph node</p>

40
Q

<p>Where are eusinophiles not found?</p>

A

<p>Lungs</p>

<p>Skin</p>

<p>Esophagus</p>

41
Q

<p>What do mast cells do?</p>

A

<p>Contain granules which have active chemicals that it dumps into the parasit and kills it</p>

42
Q

<p>What could mast cells cause to the host?</p>

A

<p>An allergic reaction</p>

43
Q

<p>What is the function of barophil?</p>

A

<p>Unknown, but they are found in parasitic infection</p>

<p>They contains granules of histamine</p>

44
Q

<p>What are the two ways natural killer cells can kill?</p>

A

<p>Make hole in target and secrete enzymes into pore inducing suicide</p>

<p>Interact with Fas on the target cells creating a suicide signal</p>

45
Q

<p>Where are natural killer cells found?</p>

A

<p>In the spleen and the bloodstream</p>

46
Q

<p>What can natural killer cells kill?</p>

A

<p>Tumour cells</p>

<p>Virus infected cells</p>

<p>Bacteria</p>

<p>Parasites</p>

<p>Fungi</p>

47
Q

<p>How do natural killer cells decide to kill or not?</p>

A

<p>By binding to inhibitory (MHC1) receptor or activating receptor</p>

48
Q

<p>What inhibitory receptor tells natural killer cells not to kill?</p>

A

<p>MHC 1</p>

49
Q

<p>Can natural killer cells kill viruses?</p>

A

<p>No, they replicate to quickly for natural killer cells to keep up</p>

50
Q

<p>What are some non-specific humoral factors within body fluids with protective functions?</p>

A

<p>Growth inhibitors</p>

<p>Enzyme inhibitors</p>

<p>Lysins</p>

<p>Compliment protein</p>

51
Q

<p>What does the compliment system bridge the gap between?</p>

A

<p>The innate and adaptive immune systems</p>

52
Q

<p>How many proteins is the compliment system composed of?</p>

A

<p>Over 20</p>

53
Q

<p>What are the 3 activation pathways of the compliment system?</p>

A

<p>Classical</p>

<p>Alternative</p>

<p>Lectin</p>

54
Q

<p>Which of the 3 compliment mechanisms are innate and adaptive?</p>

A

<p>Alternative and lectin are effecter mechanisms of the innate system and classical is of the adaptive immune system</p>

55
Q

<p>What is the process of the compliment system?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Binding of compliment protein to microbial cells or antibody</li> <li>Formation of C3complex</li> <li>Cleavageof C3</li> <li>Formation of C5convertase</li></ol>

56
Q

<p>What is the central event in the compliment pathway?</p>

A

<p>Proteolysis of protein C3which is the most abundent compliment protein</p>

57
Q

<p>What are the safeguards in place to stop the compliment system from attacking our own cells?</p>

A

<p>Protein on surface of cells Decay Accerleration Factor (DAF) accerlerates the breakdown of C3bBb</p>

<p>C3b clipped to an inactive form by protein in the blood</p>

58
Q

<p>What are functions of the compliment system?</p>

A

<p>Induce lysis of microbes (MAC)</p>

<p>Promotes phagocystosis of microbes (opsonisation)</p>

<p>Stimulates inflammation (activates amst cells and neutrophils)</p>

<p>Stimulates attraction of B cells and antibody production</p>

59
Q

<p>What are cytokines?</p>

A

<p>Chemical messengers used by cells to communicate with other cells</p>

60
Q

<p>What are the different kinds of cytokine actions?</p>

A

<p>Autocine (on self)</p>

<p>Paracrine (nearby cells)</p>

<p>Endocrine (distant cells)</p>

61
Q

<p>When does the inflammatory response happen?</p>

A

<p>When tissues are injured</p>

62
Q

<p>Why does the inflammatory response happen?</p>

A

<p>Damaged cells release chemicals that cause blood veseels to leak into tissues</p>

63
Q

<p>What are the classifications of the inflammatory response?</p>

A

<p>Acute inflammation</p>

<p>Chronic inflammation</p>

64
Q

<p>What is acute inflammation?</p>

A

<p>Initial response to harmful stimuli</p>

65
Q

<p>What is chronic inflammation?</p>

A

<p>Progressive shift in type of cells at site of inflammation, simutanous destruction and healing of tissue</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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