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0. Foundations of Medicine > Life at the Cellular Level 1 > Flashcards

Life at the Cellular Level 1 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What is every organism composed of?</p>

A

<p>Cells</p>

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2
Q

<p>What are cells?</p>

A

<p>The functional unit of all living things</p>

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3
Q

<p>Why are cells small?</p>

A

<p>To increase their surface area to volume ratio</p>

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4
Q

<p>What are the two types of cells?</p>

A

<p>Prokaryotic cell</p>

<p>Eukaryotic cell</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is a prokaryotic cell?</p>

A

<p>Cells that do not have a membrane bound nucleus</p>

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6
Q

<p>What is a eukaryotic cell?</p>

A

<p>Cell that consists of a cytomplasm and a defined nusleus bound by a nucleus membrane</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are some properties of prokaryotic cells?</p>

A

<p>Found in bacteria</p>

<p>No nuclear membrane</p>

<p>No mitachondria</p>

<p>No membrane bound structures</p>

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8
Q

<p>What are some properties of eukaryotic cells?</p>

A

<p>Found in human cells, multicellular animals and plants</p>

<p>Nucleus with membrane</p>

<p>Membrane bound structures</p>

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9
Q

<p>What are stem cells?</p>

A

<p>Undifferentiated cell which are capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type</p>

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10
Q

<p>What are the two types of stem cells?</p>

A

<p>Pluripotent</p>

<p>Multipotent</p>

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11
Q

<p>What are pluripotent stem cells?</p>

A

<p>Can differentiate into all cell types of the body</p>

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12
Q

<p>What are multipotent stem cells?</p>

A

<p>Can differentiate into many cell types</p>

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13
Q

<p>What do all cells contain a complete set of?</p>

A

<p>DNA</p>

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14
Q

<p>What determines which proteins are found within a cell?</p>

A

<p>The genes within the DNA that are being expressed</p>

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15
Q

<p>What are genes?</p>

A

<p>Sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function</p>

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16
Q

<p>What happens during differentiation?</p>

A

<p>Cells pass through a series of changes where changes in gene expression are reflected by alterations of the cells structure and behaviour</p>

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17
Q

<p>What is differentiation?</p>

A

<p>Cells change from one cell type to another by expressing certain genes</p>

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18
Q

<p>What properties do cancer cells have?</p>

A

<p>Divide without any control</p>

<p>Fail to coordinate with normal cells</p>

<p>Fail to differentiate into specialised cells</p>

<p>Displace and replace normal cells</p>

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19
Q

<p>What are the processes of cell death?</p>

A

<p>Apoptosis</p>

<p>Necrosis</p>

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20
Q

<p>What is apoptosis?</p>

A

<p>Physiological, programmed cell death</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is necrosis?</p>

A

<p>Pathological cell death caused by injury or disease</p>

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22
Q

<p>What is the process of apoptosis?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Individual cells are induced to die</li> <li>Membrane bleb, causing no damage to surrounding cells</li> <li>Within hours there is no inflammation</li></ol>

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23
Q

<p>What is the process of necrosis?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Groups of cells are induced to die</li> <li>Membrane ruptures causing damage to surrounding vessels</li> <li>Within days there is inflammation</li></ol>

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24
Q

<p>What are the four types of tissues?</p>

A

<p>Epithelial</p>

<p>Connective</p>

<p>Nervous</p>

<p>Muscular</p>

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25
Q

<p>What are organs?</p>

A

<p>Mixture of different tissues</p>

26
Q

<p>What are systems?</p>

A

<p>Cells or organs with similar functional roles</p>

27
Q

<p>What are cell organelles?</p>

A

<p>Internal organs of a cell responsible for carrying out specific jobs</p>

28
Q

<p>What are some examples of cell organelles?</p>

A

<p>Mitochondria</p>

<p>Nucleus (containing nucleolus)</p>

<p>Endoplasmic reticuum</p>

<p>Golgi apparatus</p>

<p>Lysosomes</p>

<p>Robisomes</p>

<p>Nuclear envelope</p>

29
Q

<p>What is mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>Produce a cells source of ATP</p>

30
Q

<p>What are properties of mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>Outer membrane contains pores (proteins responsible for high permeability)</p>

<p>Inner membrane has cristae (fold increase surface area to fit in more proteins)</p>

<p>Matrix contains binding sites for calcium and most enzymes for oxidation of food molecules</p>

<p>Synthesise most of their own proteins, self replicate, own ribosomes and their own circular DNA</p>

31
Q

<p>What is the nucleus?</p>

A

<p>Usually largest organelle, main function is to reunite ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins, occuring in the nucleoli</p>

<p></p>

32
Q

<p>What are some properties of the nucleus?</p>

A

<p>Contains DNA, nucleoproteins and some RNA</p>

<p>DNA tends to be in two forms (heterochromatin - tightly coiled inactive chromatin, or euchromatin - open chromatin)</p>

<p>Chromatin is a mass of genetic material composed of DNA</p>

33
Q

<p>What is the nuclear envelope?</p>

A

<p>Surrounds the nucleus and contains the genetic material?</p>

34
Q

<p>What are some properties of the nuclear envelope?</p>

A

<p>Made of phospholipid bilayer</p>

<p>Contains pores</p>

<p>Closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum</p>

35
Q

<p>What is the endoplasmic reticulum?</p>

A

<p>Network of tubules continuous from the nuclear envelope which packages up proteins</p>

36
Q

<p>What are the two components of the endoplasmic reticulum?</p>

A

<p>Rough ER, has ribosomes attatched</p>

<p>Smooth ER, used to breakdown compounds (such as glucose) or synthesise compounds (such as lipids)</p>

37
Q

<p>What is the golgi apparatus?</p>

A

<p>Complex of vesicles and folded membranes involved in secretion and extracellular transport</p>

<p>Proteins are packaged into vesicles destined for lysonomes, secretory vesicles or the cell surface</p>

38
Q

<p>What are lysosomes?</p>

A

<p>Packaged up with proteins in a vesicle</p>

39
Q

<p>What are properties of lysosomes?</p>

A

<p>Contains degradative enzymes</p>

<p>Primary lysosome mixes with phagosomes (vesicle containing substance from phagocytosis) to produce secondary lysosomes which release inside or outside the cell</p>

<p>Used to seperate enzymes from the rest of the cell</p>

40
Q

<p>What are ribosomes?</p>

A

<p>The site of protein synthesis</p>

41
Q

<p>What are the properties of ribosomes?</p>

A

<p>Link amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA</p>

<p>Small ribosomal subunit reads the RNA</p>

<p>Large ibosomal subunit joins amino acids to form polypeptide chain</p>

42
Q

<p>What is the cytoplasm?</p>

A

<p>Material within a living cell excluding the nucleus, compromises of the cytosol and the organelles</p>

43
Q

<p>What is the cytosol?</p>

A

<p>Liquid found inside cells, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF)</p>

44
Q

<p>What are the purposes of the cytoskeleton?</p>

A

<p>Supports and maintains cell shape</p>

<p>Hold organelles in position</p>

<p>Moves organelles</p>

<p>Interacts with extracellular structures to hold the cell in place</p>

<p>Involved in cytoplasmic streaming</p>

45
Q

<p>What are the three main proteins that the cytoskeleton is composed of?</p>

A

<p>Microfilaments (made up of strans of protein actin, interacts with strands of other proteins)</p>

<p>Intermediate filament (made up of fibrous proteins organised into tough assemblages that stabilise a cells structure)</p>

<p>Microtubules (long hollow cylanders made up of protein tubulin, consists of two subunits a-tubulin and b-tubulin)</p>

46
Q

<p>What are celia and flagella made up of?</p>

A

<p>Microtubules which are projected from the cell to move molecules</p>

47
Q

<p>What is the cell membrane?</p>

A

<p>Semi permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell</p>

48
Q

<p>What are properties of the cell membrane?</p>

A

<p>Composed of phospholipid bilayer</p>

<p>Embedded with proteins for functionality</p>

49
Q

<p>Are membrane lipids amphipathic?</p>

A

<p>Yes</p>

50
Q

<p>What does amphipathic mean?</p>

A

<p>Has both hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts</p>

51
Q

<p>What parts of the cell membrane is hydrophobic and hydrophillic?</p>

A

<p>Phospholipid heads are hydrophillic and the tails are hydrophobic</p>

52
Q

<p>What are the different ways that proteins can be associated with the cell membrane?</p>

A

<p>Spam the membrane</p>

<p>Embedded and tunnel all of the way through</p>

<p>Embedded and tunnel part of the way through</p>

53
Q

<p>What are some functions of the cell membrane?</p>

A

<p>Acts as a selective barrier</p>

<p>Transport (proteins provide channels)</p>

<p>Enzymatic activity</p>

<p>Receptor (change conformation and initiate chain of reactions)</p>

<p>Intercellular joining</p>

<p>Cell/cell recognition</p>

<p>Attatchment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)</p>

54
Q

<p>What are the two forms of transport?</p>

A

<p>Active transport</p>

<p>Diffusion</p>

55
Q

<p>What are the two types of diffusion?</p>

A

<p>Passive diffusion (concentration gradient needed, lipid soluble molecules pass freely unless to large)</p>

<p>Facilatated diffusion (concentration gradient needed, requires carrier molecules)</p>

56
Q

<p>What are the two forms of active transport?</p>

A

<p>Endocytosis (cell taking in matter)</p>

<p>Exocytosis (vesicle contents secreted outside of cell)</p>

57
Q

<p>What is cells sticking together called?</p>

A

<p>Cell adhesion</p>

58
Q

<p>What are different types of cell adhesion?</p>

A

<p>Tight junction (physical barrier to diffusion between cells, examples are kidney, intestine and blood brain barrier)</p>

<p>Adhesive junction (adherens junction - link actin filaments in two different cells, desmosomes - link keratine filaments in two different cells)</p>

<p>Gap junction (form channels between cells, link the two cells cytoplasm, example being pancreas, liver and heart muscle)</p>

59
Q

<p>What can disease do to cell adhestion?</p>

A

<p>Stop them sticking together and cause them to seperate, as seen in cancer</p>

60
Q

<p>What are some examples of cell signalling?</p>

A

<p>Contact dependent (membrane bound signal molecule)</p>

<p>Paracrine (cell realeases molecule to cells around it)</p>

<p>Synaptic (nervous signals target cells using neurotransmitter)</p>

<p>Endocrine (hormones travelling through blood to target cell)</p>

61
Q

<p>What does a receptor do?</p>

A

<p>Recieves a molecule and then triggers a series of pathways in response</p>

62
Q

<p>Where are some places you can find receptors?</p>

A

<p>On the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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