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0. Foundations of Medicine > Introduction to Fungi 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Fungi 1 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What can fungi infect?</p>

A

<p>Plants</p>

<p>Insects</p>

<p>Amphibians</p>

<p>Mammals</p>

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2
Q

<p>What is fungas?</p>

A

<p>A chemo-organotrophic eukaryoate that lacks chlorophyll and forms spores</p>

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3
Q

<p>What does the cell wall of fungus contain?</p>

A

<p>Polysaccharides</p>

<p>Often chitin or glucan which absorbs nutrients</p>

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4
Q

<p>What is the classification based on?</p>

A

<p>Morphology (shape)</p>

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5
Q

<p>What do we informally refer to fungi as?</p>

A

<p>Moulds, yeasts or mushrooms</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are the 3 groups of fungus?</p>

A

<p>Basidomycetes</p>

<p>Ascomycetes</p>

<p>Zygomycetes</p>

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7
Q

<p>What is the sexual and asexual spore of basidomycetes?</p>

A

<p>Sexual spore is basidospore</p>

<p>Asexual spores is conidum</p>

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8
Q

<p>What is the sexual and asexual spore of ascomycetes?</p>

A

<p>Sexual spore is ascospore</p>

<p>Asexual spore is conidium</p>

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9
Q

<p>What is the sexual and asexual spore of zygomycetes?</p>

A

<p>Sexual spore is zygospore</p>

<p>Asexual spore is sporangiospore</p>

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10
Q

<p>What are examples of basidomycetes?</p>

A

<p>Mushrooms</p>

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11
Q

<p>What are examples of ascompycetes?</p>

A

<p>Neurospora</p>

<p>Saccharomyces</p>

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12
Q

<p>What are examples of zygomycetes?</p>

A

<p>Bread moulds</p>

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13
Q

<p>What are examples of basidiomycete pathogens?</p>

A

<p>Mucor</p>

<p>Rhizopus</p>

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14
Q

<p>What are examples of ascompycete pathogens?</p>

A

<p>Cryptococcus</p>

<p>Malassezia</p>

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15
Q

<p>What are examples of zygomycete pathogens?</p>

A

<p>Candida</p>

<p>Histoplasma</p>

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16
Q

<p>What is in the structure of a basidiomycete?</p>

A

<p>Basidospores</p>

<p>Sterigmata</p>

<p>Septum</p>

<p>Hypha</p>

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17
Q

<p>What is contained in ascomycetes and where?</p>

A

<p>Ascospores contained within a sac</p>

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18
Q

<p>What is the structure of a zygomycete?</p>

A

<p>Rough walled zygote, contains one or more zygospore</p>

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19
Q

<p>What are yeasts?</p>

A

<p>Fungi that favours a unicellular habit</p>

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20
Q

<p>What are examples of non-fetal diseases caused by fungi?</p>

A

<p>Athletes foot (caused by epidermophyton)</p>

<p>Thrush (caused by candida spp)</p>

<p>Pityriasis versicolor (caused by malassezia spp)</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is athelete's foot caused by?</p>

A

<p>Epidermorphyton</p>

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22
Q

<p>What is thrush caused by?</p>

A

<p>Candida spp</p>

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23
Q

<p>What is pityriasis versicolor caused by?</p>

A

<p>Malassezia spp</p>

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24
Q

<p>What are dermatophyte infections?</p>

A

<p>Fungi have enzymes that degrade and utalise keratin as a nutrient source which is caused by epidermorphyton</p>

25
Q

<p>What is degrading and utilising keratin as a nutrient known as?</p>

A

<p>Dermatophytosis</p>

26
Q

<p>What are 3 fungi that cause skin disease?</p>

A

<p>Epidermophyton floccosum</p>

<p>Microsporum canis</p>

<p>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</p>

27
Q

<p>What is pityriasis versicolour?</p>

A

<p>A yeast infection that also forms hyphae in infected skin</p>

28
Q

<p>What are examples of fungi that can cause fatal disease?</p>

A

<p>Candida spp</p>

<p>Asperigillus spp</p>

29
Q

<p>What does candida spp do?</p>

A

<p>Infects deep organs of patients with immune dysfunction</p>

30
Q

<p>What does asperigllus spp do?</p>

A

<p>Infects deep organs of patients undergoing chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation</p>

31
Q

<p>What are host factors that contribute to pathogenicity of fungal infections?</p>

A

<p>Favourable micro environments (warm, moist areas)</p>

<p>Broad antimicrobial agents reduce competition</p>

<p>Immunosuppresion creates window of opportunity for fungal infection</p>

32
Q

<p>What can immunosuppresion of hosts be?</p>

A

<p>Iatrogenic (illness caused by treatment)</p>

<p>Disease processes</p>

33
Q

<p>What are iatrogenic causes of immunosuppresion?</p>

A

<p>Steroids</p>

<p>Chemotherapy</p>

<p>Organ transplantation</p>

34
Q

<p>What is iatrogenic?</p>

A

<p>Illness caused by treatment</p>

35
Q

<p>What are disease processes that cause immunosuppresion?</p>

A

<p>AIDS</p>

<p>Leukaemia</p>

36
Q

<p>What kinds of infections do candida infections cause?</p>

A

<p>Oral</p>

<p>Vaginal</p>

<p>Skin</p>

<p>Nail</p>

<p>Urinary tract</p>

37
Q

<p>What kinds of fungi are the candida spp?</p>

A

<p>Yeasts</p>

38
Q

<p>What is dissemination?</p>

A

<p>Spreading</p>

39
Q

<p>What is the process of dissemination of candida spp?</p>

A

<p>1) Part of normal commensal gut flora</p>

<p>2) Antibacterial drugs wipe out competition</p>

<p>3) GI tract wall damaged</p>

<p>4) Spreads through blood</p>

40
Q

<p>What is hyphae?</p>

A

<p>Long branching structure of a fungi</p>

41
Q

<p>What is aspergillosis caused by?</p>

A

<p>Aspergillus spp</p>

42
Q

<p>What diseases does aspergillosis lead to?</p>

A

<p>Asthma</p>

<p>Aspergilloma</p>

43
Q

<p>What is the process of aspergillosis infecting?</p>

A

<p>1) Inhaled</p>

<p>2) Forms hyphae in lung tissue</p>

<p>3) Invades blood vessels</p>

44
Q

<p>What is cryptoccososis caused by?</p>

A

<p>Cryptococcus spp</p>

45
Q

<p>What are the cryptococcus spp?</p>

A

<p>Yeasts with a capsule</p>

46
Q

<p>What diseases does cryptoccososis lead to?</p>

A

<p>Pulmanory cryptococcosis</p>

<p>Meningitis</p>

<p>Disseminated infection in severely compromised hosts</p>

47
Q

<p>Why is too much and too little immunity to fungi a bad thing?</p>

A

<p>Too much leads to a hypersensitive response and too little leads to infection</p>

48
Q

<p>How is fungi diagnosed?</p>

A

<p>Histopathology (under the microscope)</p>

<p>High resolution CT scan</p>

49
Q

<p>What are the 3 main classes of anti-fungal drugs?</p>

A

<p>Triazoles (target steroids)</p>

<p>Echinocardins (target walls)</p>

<p>Polyenes (target membranes)</p>

50
Q

<p>What do triazoles target?</p>

A

<p>Steroids</p>

51
Q

<p>What do echinocandins target?</p>

A

<p>Cell wall</p>

52
Q

<p>What do polyenes target?</p>

A

<p>Membrane</p>

53
Q

<p>What are common problems with anti-fungal drugs?</p>

A

<p>Targets are not broad enough</p>

<p>High toxicity</p>

54
Q

<p>How do triazoles work?</p>

A

<p>Inhibit production of sterols by targeting enzymes (Erg11)</p>

55
Q

<p>What is an issue with triazoles?</p>

A

<p>Resistance has been developed my mutation of Erg11 which pumps the drug out</p>

56
Q

<p>How do polyenes work?</p>

A

<p>Form pores in the cell wall that cahnges the internal environment and kill the fungi</p>

57
Q

<p>How do echinocandins work?</p>

A

<p>Inhibit glucose synthesis to prevent glucans being made, which weakens the cell wall and they cannot grow</p>

58
Q

<p>What is a problem with echinocandins?</p>

A

<p>Resistance is acquired by mutations of enzymes</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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