Glycolysis 2

Question 1

<p>What are some tissues that completely rely on glycolysis for their energy?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Brain</p>

<p>Nervous system</p>

<p>RBCs</p>

<p>Testes</p>

<p>Embryonic tissue</p>

Question 2

<p>What happens if we have no more carboyhydrates but need more glucose?</p>

Answer 2

<p>It can be generated from non-carbohydrate molecules in the liver</p>

Question 3

<p>Why is gluconeogensis not the direct reverse of glycolysis?</p>

Answer 3

<p>Due to the 3 irreversible steps (steps 1, 3 and 10)</p>

Question 4

<p>What is gluconeogensis?</p>

Answer 4

<p>The generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances</p>

Question 5

<p>How many reactions are used to bypass the irreversible steps of glycolysis?</p>

Answer 5

<p>4</p>

Question 6

<p>What does the bypassing of the irreversible steps of glycolysis allow?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis to be regulated seperately</p>

Question 7

<p>What irreversible reaction does A and B of gluconeogenesis deal with?</p>

Answer 7

<p>PEP to glycolysis</p>

Question 8

<p>What is step A?</p>

Answer 8

<p>The conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate</p>

Question 9

<p>What is step B?</p>

Answer 9

<p>The conversion of oxaloacetate to PEP</p>

Question 10

What do reactions A and B look like?

Answer 10

Bypass Reaction A : pyruvate kinase

Question 11

<p>What step of glycolysis does reaction C bypass?</p>

Answer 11

<p>F-6-P to F-1,6-bisP</p>

Question 12

What does reaction C look like?

Answer 12

Question 13

<p>Why is reaction C not the direct reverse of F-6-P to F-1,6-bisP?</p>

Answer 13

<p>It would require the transfer of a phosphyl group which is energetically unfavourable</p>

Question 14

<p>What step of glycolysis does reaction D bypass?</p>

Answer 14

<p>Glucose to G-6-P</p>

Question 15

What does reaction D look like?

Answer 15

Question 16

<p>Where is G-6-P converted to glucose?</p>

Answer 16

<p>In the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum</p>

Question 17

<p>What does the conversion of G-6-P to glucose in the ER require?</p>

Answer 17

<p>G-6-P to be shuttled into the ER and glucose to be shuttled out, an inorganic phosphate is also shuttled out</p>

Question 18

What does this pump controlling the conversion of G-6-P to glucose look like?

Answer 18

Question 19

<p>How many points can galactose and fructose enter glycolysis?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Several</p>

Question 20

<p>What is fructose converted into to enter glycolysis?</p>

Answer 20

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate</p>

Question 21

<p>What is fructose converted into in adipose tissue to enter glycolysis?</p>

Answer 21

<p>Fructose-6-phosphate</p>

Question 22

<p>What is fructose in the liver converted into to enter glycolysis?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Glyceraldehyde-3-P (GAP) or dihudroxyacetone-P (DHAP)</p>

Question 23

<p>Where is most fructose metabolised?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Liver</p>

Question 24

<p>What pathway does fuctose use to become DHAP or GAP in the liver?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Fructose-1-phosphate</p>

Question 25

<p>How much ATP does the conversion of fructose to DHAP or GAP use?</p>

Answer 25

<p>1 or 2</p>

Question 26

What does the conversion of fructose to DHAP or GAP look like?

Answer 26

Question 27

<p>What is galactose converted to G-1-P through?</p>

Answer 27

<p>UDP-galactose</p>

Question 28

<p>What are the steps of galactose becoming glucose-6-phosphate to enter glycolysis?</p>

Answer 28

<ol> <li>Galactose comes in and is phosphorylated</li> <li>UDP glucose transfers UDP molecule to galactose</li> <li>Captures electrons by producing NADH</li></ol>

Question 29

<p>What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce?</p>

Answer 29

<p>NADPH and pentoses (5C) sugars</p>

Question 30

<p>Where and what is NADPH used for?</p>

Answer 30

<p>Liver (fatty acid synthesis)</p>

<p>Mammary gland (fatty acid synthesis)</p>

<p>Adrenal cortex (steroid synthesis)</p>

<p>RBC (antioxidant)</p>

Question 31

<p>What are pentoses precursers for?</p>

Answer 31

<p>ATP</p>

<p>RNA</p>

<p>DNA</p>

Question 32

<p>What are the two stages of the pentose phosphate pathway?</p>

Answer 32

<p>Oxidation (irreversible)</p>

<p>Non oxidation (reversible)</p>

Question 33

<p>Is the oxidation stage of the pentose phosphate pathway reversible?</p>

Answer 33

<p>No</p>

Question 34

<p>Is the non oxidation stage of the pentose phospate pathway reversible?</p>

Answer 34

<p>Yes</p>

Question 35

<p>What happens during the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?</p>

Answer 35

<p>Generates NADPH</p>

<p>Converts G-6-P to a pentose phosphate</p>

Question 36

<p>What happens during the non oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?</p>

Answer 36

<p>Forms lots of different 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 carbon sugars</p>

Question 37

What does the pentose phosphate pathway look like?

Answer 37

Question 38

<p>What does NADPH link?</p>

Answer 38

<p>Anabolic and catabolic pathways</p>

Question 39

<p>Are NAD⁺and NADP⁺the same?</p>

Answer 39

<p>They are both electron carriers but they are not the same</p>

Question 40

<p>What are NAD⁺and NADP⁺?</p>

Answer 40

<p>Electron carriers</p>

Question 41

<p>What is NAD⁺used for?</p>

Answer 41

<p>Metabolism of sugars in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle</p>

Question 42

<p>What is NADP⁺used for?</p>

Answer 42

<p>Anabolism to make things like fatty acid</p>

Question 43

<p>What does breaking down ethanol require?</p>

Answer 43

<p>NAD⁺</p>

Question 44

What does the breakdown of ethanol look like?

Answer 44

Question 45

<p>Why does breaking down lots of ethanol inhibit gluconeogenesis?</p>

Answer 45

<p>Low NAD⁺to facilitate the reaction as most has bean used to breakdown ethanol</p>

Question 46

<p>What does a low level of NAD⁺lead to?</p>

Answer 46

<p>Lacticacidaemia (increase[blood lactate])</p>

<p>Hypoglycaemia (decreased [blood glucose])</p>

Question 47

<p>What is black water fever?</p>

Answer 47

<p>A difficiency of G-6-P dehydrogenase</p>

Question 48

<p>What does black water fever cause?</p>

Answer 48

<p>Low RBC NADPH levels</p>

<p>Build up of free radicals and H₂O₂which damages cells</p>