Autonomic Physiology 2

Question 1

<p>What does tissues response to nerves depend on?</p>

Answer 1

<p>What neurotransmitter is used and what receptor it acts on</p>

Question 2

<p>What receptors does noradrenaline act on?</p>

Answer 2

<p>Alpha and beta receptors</p>

Question 3

<p>What receptors does acetylcholine act on?</p>

Answer 3

<p>Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors</p>

Question 4

<p>What does the sympathetic system do in the eye?</p>

Answer 4

<p>Activates B2 receptor on cilary muscle round the lens (muscle relaxes and the eye focuses far away)</p>

<p>Activates A1 receptor on radial muscle of iris (muscle contracts and makes pupils larger)</p>

Question 5

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do in the eye?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors on colary muscle (muscle contracts and eye focuses close up)</p>

<p>Activates muscarinic receptor on sphlincter muscle (muscle contracts and makes pupils smaller)</p>

Question 6

<p>What does the sympathetic system do in the heart?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Activates B1 receptors on pacemaker cells (increase heart rate)</p>

<p>Activates B1 receptors on myocytes (increases strength of contraction)</p>

Question 7

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do in the heart?</p>

Answer 7

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells (decreases heart rate)</p>

<p>Little effect on myocytes (little effect on strength of contraction)</p>

Question 8

<p>What does the sympathetic system do in the lungs?</p>

Answer 8

<p>Activates B2 receptors in smooth muscle of airway (muscle relaxes and dilutes airway)</p>

Question 9

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do in the lungs?</p>

Answer 9

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle on airway (muscle contracts and constricts airway)</p>

Question 10

<p>What does the sympathetic system do in blood vessels?</p>

Answer 10

<p>Activates A1 receptors on smooth muscle of venules (muscle contracts and blood flow decreases)</p>

<p>Activates B2 receptors on smooth muscle of venules (muscle relaxes and blood flow increases)</p>

Question 11

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do in blood vessels?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Usually no effect</p>

Question 12

<p>What does the sympathetic system do in the gut?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Activates A/B receptors on smooth muscle of the gut (decreases gut motility)</p>

<p>Activates A receptors on pancreas (inhibits secreation of enzymes)</p>

Question 13

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do in the gut?</p>

Answer 13

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of the gut (increases gut motility)</p>

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors in pancrease (increases secretion)</p>

Question 14

<p>What does the sympathetic system do on energy stores?</p>

Answer 14

<p>Activates A/B receptors on liver cells (stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycolysis)</p>

<p>Activates A/B receptors on fat cells (increases lipolysis)</p>

Question 15

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do to energy stores?</p>

Answer 15

<p>No effect</p>

Question 16

<p>What does the sympathetic system do to the silivary glands?</p>

Answer 16

<p>Activates B receptors (stimulates thick secretion rich in enzymes)</p>

<p></p>

Question 17

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do to the salivary glands?</p>

Answer 17

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors (stimulates profuse watery secretion)</p>

Question 18

<p>What does the sympathetic system do on the bladder?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Activates B2 receptors on smooth muscle of bladder wall (muscle relaxes and reduces pressure)</p>

<p>Activates A1 receptor on smooth muscle of sphincter (muscle contracts and stops urination)</p>

Question 19

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do on the bladder?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of bladder wall (muscle contracts and increases pressure)</p>

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter (muscle relaxes and causes urination)</p>

Question 20

<p>What does the sympathetic system do on the reproductive tract?</p>

Answer 20

<p>Activates A1 receptors on smooth muscle of urethra (muscle contracts and causes ejactulation)</p>

Question 21

<p>What does the parasympathetic system do on the reproductive tract?</p>

Answer 21

<p>Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum (muscle relaxes and causes erection)</p>

Question 22

<p>What beta receptors are usually found in the heart?</p>

Answer 22

<p>B1</p>

Question 23

<p>What beta receptors are usually found in the lungs?</p>

Answer 23

<p>B2</p>

Question 24

<p>What does having different beta receptors in the heart and lungs allow?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Drugs to target one without affecting the other</p>

Question 25

<p>What are different types of innervation between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?</p>

Answer 25

<p>Antagonistic action</p>

<p>Single innervation</p>

<p>Dual innvervation with non-antagonistic action</p>

<p>Dual innervation with complimentary efffects</p>

Question 26

<p>What is an example of antagonistic action?</p>

Answer 26

<p>The eye</p>

Question 27

<p>What is an example of single innervation?</p>

Answer 27

<p>Energy stores</p>

Question 28

<p>What is an example of dual innervation with non-antagonistic action?</p>

Answer 28

<p>Salivary glands</p>

Question 29

<p>What is an example of dual innervation with complimentary effect?</p>

Answer 29

<p>Reproductive tract</p>

Question 30

<p>What is the autonomic nervous system controlled by?</p>

Answer 30

<p>Autonomic reflexes</p>

<p>Hypothalamus</p>

Question 31

<p>What does the hypothalamus do?</p>

Answer 31

<p>Coordinates autonomic, somatic and endocrine activity</p>

Question 32

<p>What is an example of an autonomic reflex?</p>

Answer 32

<p>Baroreceptors that detect blood pressure</p>

Question 33

<p>What are some complications of the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (not following the 'rules'?</p>

Answer 33

<p>Some neurones release non adrenergic and non cholinergic transmitter (NO, ATP)</p>

<p>Some may co release transmitters</p>

<p>Some neurones are odd, such as sympathetic post ganglion fibres innervating sweat glands releasing acetylcholine</p>