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0. Foundations of Medicine > Lipids 3 > Flashcards

Lipids 3 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>Where do we get fatty acids from?</p>

A

<p>Diet</p>

<p>Synthesis (from excess carbohydrates and protein components, acetyl coenzyme A)</p>

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2
Q

<p>Where does fatty acid synthesis happen?</p>

A

<p>Liver</p>

<p>Lactating mammary gland</p>

<p>Adipose tissue</p>

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3
Q

<p>What part of the cell does fatty acid synthesis happen?</p>

A

<p>Cytosol</p>

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4
Q

<p>Where is acetyl coenzyme formed?</p>

A

<p>Mitochondrial matrix</p>

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5
Q

<p>Why does acetyl conezyme A need to be transfered from the mitochondrial matrix for fatty acid synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Fatty acid synthesis happens in the cytosol</p>

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6
Q

<p>Can acetyl coenzyme A cross the mitochondrial membrane?</p>

A

<p>No, only the acetyl part can cross by using the citrate shuttle</p>

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7
Q

<p>How does acetyl cross the mitochondrial membrane?</p>

A

<p>By using the citrate shuttle</p>

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8
Q

<p>What is the process of the citrate shuttle?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Acetyl coenzyme A reacts with oxaloacetate to become citrate which crosses the membrane</li> <li>In the cytosol citrate becomes is broken down into oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A is released</li> <li>Oxaloacetate uses NADH to become malate</li> <li>Malate uses NADP+to become pyruvate which crosses into the mitochondria membrane</li> <li>Pyruvate is converted into oxaloacetate to be used again</li></ol>

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9
Q

<p>When does the citrate shuttle happen?</p>

A

<p>When citrate concentration in the mitochondria is high</p>

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10
Q

<p>What is made during the citrate shuttle that is later used in the synthesis of fatty acids?</p>

A

<p>NADPH</p>

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11
Q

<p>What enzymes are involved in fatty acid synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase</p>

<p>Fatty acid synthase</p>

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12
Q

<p>What does acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase do in the synthesis of fatty acids?</p>

A

<p>Acts as an activator/regulator</p>

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13
Q

<p>What does fatty acid synthase do in the synthesis of fatty acids?</p>

A

<p>Acts as a multifunctional enzyme</p>

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14
Q

<p>What does fatty acid synthesis need?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl coenzyme A</p>

<p>NADPH</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the product of fatty acid synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Palmitic acid</p>

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16
Q

<p>What is acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase needed for the formation of?</p>

A

<p>Melanyl coenzyme A</p>

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17
Q

<p>What is both the rate determining and commited step in fatty acid synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl coenzyme A + ATP→ malonyl coenzyme A</p>

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18
Q

<p>How is acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase regulated?</p>

A

<p>Activated by insulin (signal enough glucose so make fatty acid), insulin</p>

<p>Inhibited by palmitoyl coenzyme A (enough fatty acid) glucagon, noradrenaline</p>

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19
Q

<p>What hormone activates acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase?</p>

A

<p>Insulin</p>

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20
Q

<p>What hormone and neurotransmitter inhibits acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase?</p>

A

<p>Glucagon and noradrenaline</p>

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21
Q

<p>How many reactions are in the synthesis of fatty acid?</p>

A

<p>A lot, more than 7</p>

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22
Q

<p>What does fatty acid synthesis form and what is this?</p>

A

<p>Palmitate acid, which is a stored form of energy</p>

23
Q

<p>What are the stages of fatty acid synthesis?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Elongation (acyl-malonyl ACP enzyme forms acetoacetyl-ACP)</li> <li>Reduction - dehydration - reduction (NADPH is used)</li> <li>Elongation cycle repeated 6 more times using malonyl coenzyme A until we reach palmityl-ACP</li> <li>A thioesterase cleaves palmityl coenzyme A from the ACP</li></ol>

24
Q

<p>What carrier molecule is used in the synthesis of fatty acid?</p>

A

<p>NADPH</p>

25
Q

<p>What is ACP?</p>

A

<p>Acyl carrier protein</p>

26
Q

<p>Why is multifunctional fatty acid synthase such a large complex?</p>

A

<p>So that all the 7 enzymes required for the synthesis for fatty acid are next to each other in the cytosol</p>

27
Q

<p>How much NADPH does the formation of palmitate use?</p>

A

<p>14</p>

28
Q

<p>Where do the 14 NADPH used in the synthesis of fatty acid come from?</p>

A

<p>6 from pentose phosphate pathway</p>

<p>8 from malic enzymes that converts malate to pyruvate</p>

29
Q

<p>What steps of the synthesis of fatty acid do you need NADPH for?</p>

A

<p>The growing of the chain</p>

30
Q

<p>Where do any further modifications after the synthesis of palmitate occur?</p>

A

<p>In the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum</p>

31
Q

<p>What are some further modifications of palmitate?</p>

A

<p>Unsaturation</p>

<p>Elongation</p>

<p>Branching</p>

32
Q

<p>What is the fate of synthesised fatty acid?</p>

A

<p>Ends up being part of adipose tissue around the body</p>

33
Q

<p>What is the carrier protein for the synthesis of fatty acid?</p>

A

<p>ACP</p>

34
Q

<p>What is the carrier protein for the degradation of fatty acid?</p>

A

<p>Coenzyme A</p>

35
Q

<p>What is the building block for the synthesis of fatty acids?</p>

A

<p>Malonyl coenzyme A</p>

36
Q

<p>What is the building block for the degradation of fatty acids?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl coenzyme A</p>

37
Q

<p>What is the redox for the syntheis of fatty acids?</p>

A

<p>Reductant NADP+</p>

38
Q

<p>What is the redox for the degradation of fatty acids?</p>

A

<p>Oxidant NAD+/FAD2+</p>

39
Q

<p>What are some specialised lipid classes?</p>

A

<p>Steroid hormones</p>

<p>Cholesterol</p>

<p>Eicosanoids</p>

40
Q

<p>What are steroid hormones?</p>

A

<p>Chemical substances that serve as chemical messengers</p>

41
Q

<p>What is cholesterol?</p>

A

<p>Starting matieral for the synthesis of steroid hormone</p>

42
Q

<p>What are eicosanoids?</p>

A

<p>Derived from 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids and synthesised throughout the body</p>

43
Q

<p>What kind of structure do steroids contain?</p>

A

<p>A ring system</p>

44
Q

<p>What are the functions of cholesterol?</p>

A

<p>Component of cell membranes</p>

<p>Precurser of other substances (sterol hormones, vitamin D, bile acids)</p>

<p>Form bile salts</p>

45
Q

<p>Where is cholesterol mainly synthesised and where is it found in the diet?</p>

A

<p>In the liver and in animal foods</p>

46
Q

<p>How can cholesterol synthesis be regulated?</p>

A

<p>By inhibiting the rate limiting step,</p>

<p>HMG - CoA→ Mevalonate</p>

47
Q

<p>What are statins?</p>

A

<p>Drug that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase</p>

48
Q

<p>What do statins do?</p>

A

<p>Lower cholesterol levels and decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases</p>

49
Q

<p>What are functions of eicosanoids?</p>

A

<p>Signalling molecules</p>

<p>Exert control over inflammatory or immunity</p>

<p>Messengers in the CNS</p>

50
Q

<p>What can you say about the half life of eicosanoids?</p>

A

<p>They have a short half life</p>

51
Q

<p>What are eicosanoids derived from?</p>

A

<p>Omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids</p>

52
Q

<p>What can eicosanoids regulate?</p>

A

<p>Inflammatory response</p>

<p>Pain and fever</p>

<p>Blood pressure</p>

<p>Blood clotting</p>

<p>Reproductive function</p>

<p>Sleep/wake cycle</p>

53
Q

<p>What kind of drugs is asparin?</p>

A

<p>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)</p>

54
Q

<p>What do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like asparin do?</p>

A

<p>Inhibit COX1 and COX2 enzymes which are anti-inflammatory and are fever reducing</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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