Classification of Pathogenic Bacteria 1

Question 1

<p>What are things that can infect patients?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Bacteria</p>

<p>Parasites</p>

<p>Viruses</p>

<p>Fungi</p>

Question 2

<p>What is bacteria?</p>

Answer 2

<p>A major group of microorganisms causing infectious disease</p>

Question 3

<p>What is the process of gram staining?</p>

Answer 3

<p>1) Application of crystal violet (purple dye)</p>

<p>2) Application of iodine (morant)</p>

<p>3) Alcohol wash (decolourisation)</p>

<p>4) Application of safranin (counter stain)</p>

Question 4

<p>What colour does gram positive bacteria appear?</p>

Answer 4

<p>Purple</p>

Question 5

<p>What colour does gram negative bacteria appear?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Pink</p>

Question 6

<p>What does gram staining do?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Provide early indication of the genus of bacteria</p>

Question 7

<p>What are advantages of gram staining?</p>

Answer 7

<p>Quick, simple and inexpensive way to classify bacteria</p>

Question 8

<p>What does knowing the classification of bacteria allow?</p>

Answer 8

<p>Targeted treatment as different classes of antibiotics are effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria</p>

Question 9

<p>What are the main classes of gram positive bacteria?</p>

Answer 9

<p>Aerobic<br></br> Cocci<br></br> Chains - streptococci and enterococci<br></br> Alpha, beta or non haemolytic<br></br> Clusters - staphylococci<br></br> Coagulase negative or positive<br></br> Bacalli - small and large</p>

<p>Anaerobic<br></br> Cocci<br></br> Bacalli</p>

Question 10

<p>What is cocci bacteria?</p>

Answer 10

<p>Bacteria with a spherical shape</p>

Question 11

<p>What is bacalli bacteria?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Bacteria with a rod shape</p>

Question 12

<p>What are the two classes of staphylococci (aerobic cocci clusters)?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Coagulase positive</p>

<p>Coagulase negative</p>

Question 13

<p>What is coagulase?</p>

Answer 13

<p>An enzyme that convers fibrinogen into fibrin which causes blood clotting</p>

Question 14

<p>What is used to determine whether bacteria is coagulase positive or negative?</p>

Answer 14

<p>Coagulase test</p>

Question 15

<p>What is an example of coagulase positive staphylococci and what can it cause?</p>

Answer 15

<p>Staphylococci aureus which can cause:</p>

<p>MRSA</p>

<p>MSSA</p>

Question 16

<p>What is staphylococcus commonly resistant to and why?</p>

Answer 16

<p>Penicillin due to production of penicillinase</p>

Question 17

<p>What is MRSA?</p>

Answer 17

<p>Methicillin resistant staph aureus</p>

Question 18

<p>Where is staphylococci a commensal?</p>

Answer 18

<p>In the nose, axilla and perineum</p>

Question 19

<p>What are examples of coagulase negative staphylococci?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Staphylococci epidermis</p>

<p>Staphylococci haemolyticus</p>

<p>Staphylococci saprophyticus</p>

<p>Staphylococci lugdenensis</p>

Question 20

<p>What are coagulase negative staphylococci commonly?</p>

Answer 20

<p>Skin commensals</p>

Question 21

<p>When can coagulase negative staphylococci cause problems?</p>

Answer 21

<p>In the presence of foreign objects such as prosthetic heart valves</p>

Question 22

<p>What classes of bacteria are there in terms of how they degrade blood?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Alpha haemolytic (partial haemolysis)</p>

<p>Beta haemolytic (complete haemolysis)</p>

<p>Non-haemolytic</p>

Question 23

<p>What is haemolysis?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Rupture or destruction of red blood cells</p>

Question 24

<p>What are examples of alpha haemolytic streptococci and what do they cause?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Streptococci pneumoniae which causes:<br></br>Pneumonia<br></br>Meningitis<br></br>Septicaemia</p>

<p>Viridans streptococci which causes:<br></br>Infective endocarditis (infection of heart valves)</p>

Question 25

<p>What does streptococci pneumoniae cause?</p>

Answer 25

<p>Pneumonia</p>

<p>Mengingitis</p>

<p>Septicaemia</p>

Question 26

<p>What is infective endocarditis?</p>

Answer 26

<p>Infection of heart valves</p>

Question 27

<p>How can beta haemolytic streptococci further be identified?</p>

Answer 27

<p>By carbohydrate surface antigens ranging from A to G</p>

Question 28

<p>What are the clinical important groups of beta haemolytic bacteria?</p>

Answer 28

<p>Groups A, B, D and F</p>

Question 29

<p>What is an examples of group A beta haemolytic streptococci and what does it cause?</p>

Answer 29

<p>Streptococcus pyogenes which causes:</p>

<p>Pharyngitis</p>

<p>Cellulitis</p>

<p>Necrotising fasciltis</p>

Question 30

<p>What is an example of a group B beta haemolytic streptococci and what does it cause?</p>

Answer 30

<p>Streptococci agalactiae which causes:</p>

<p>Neonatal sepsis (meningitis/bacteraemia)</p>

<p>Invasive infections</p>

Question 31

<p>What is an example of a group D beta haemolytic streptococci and what does it cause?</p>

Answer 31

<p>Streptococci enterococcus faecalis which causes:</p>

<p>Urinary tract infection</p>

<p>Infective endocarditis</p>

Question 32

<p>What are some examples of aerobic gram positve bacteria?</p>

Answer 32

<p>Clostridium genus:</p>

<p>Clostridium difficile</p>

<p>Clostridium perfringens</p>

<p>Clostridium tetani</p>

Question 33

<p>Where is clostridium difficile cause found and what does it cause?</p>

Answer 33

<p>In the gut and it causes diarrhoea</p>

Question 34

<p>What isclostridium difficile spread by?</p>

Answer 34

<p>Pores</p>

Question 35

<p>Where is clostridium perfringens found and what can it cause?</p>

Answer 35

<p>Found in soil and a normal commensal in gut faeces, if it infects wounds it can cause gas gangrene</p>

Question 36

<p>What does clostridium cause?</p>

Answer 36

<p>Toxin produced causes tetanus</p>

Question 37

<p>What are examples of biological spore warfare?</p>

Answer 37

<p>Clostridium botulnum (source of botox)</p>

<p>Basillus anthracis (cause of anthrax)</p>

Question 38

<p>What is colonisation?</p>

Answer 38

<p>Germs being in the body buyt not making you sick</p>

Question 39

<p>What is infection?</p>

Answer 39

<p>Germs are in the body and making you sick</p>