Terminal Respiration

Question 1

<p>What do redox reaction do in respiration?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Pass electrons around which end up combining with oxygen</p>

Question 2

<p>What is the only site of oxidative phosphorylation?</p>

Answer 2

<p>Mitochonria</p>

Question 3

<p>What does the mitochondria allow in terms of oxidative phosphorylation?</p>

Answer 3

<p>The coupling of oxidation of carbon fuels to ATP synthesis</p>

Question 4

<p>What structures are present in mitochondria?</p>

Answer 4

<p>Cristae</p>

<p>Matrix</p>

<p>Outer membrane</p>

<p>Inner membrane</p>

<p>Inter membrane space</p>

Question 5

<p>What is the purpose of cristae?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Increases the surface area</p>

Question 6

<p>What is abundant in the matrix?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Full of proteins</p>

Question 7

<p>Where do most reactions happen in mitochondria?</p>

Answer 7

<p>On the inner membreane</p>

Question 8

<p>Where is most NADH and FADH₂found and why?</p>

Answer 8

<p>In the mitochondria due to citric acid cycle and B-oxidation</p>

Question 9

<p>Where is some NADH and FADH₂found and what needs to happen to them?</p>

Answer 9

<p>In the cytosol and they need to be transfered into the mitochondria</p>

Question 10

<p>Which of NADH and FADH₂can cross the membrane of the mitochondria?</p>

Answer 10

<p>NADH cannot cross the membrane, but FADH₂can pass its electrons onto the electron transport chain</p>

Question 11

<p>What is the passage of electrons from FADH₂into the electron transport chain called?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Glycerol phosphate shuttle</p>

Question 12

What does the glycerol phosphate shuttle look like?

Answer 12

Question 13

<p>What happens during the glycerol phosphate shuttle?</p>

Answer 13

<ol> <li>NADH passes its electrons onto dihydroxyacetone phosphate which becomes glycerol-3-phosphate</li> <li>Crosses the outer membrane and passes electrons onto FAD which becomes FADH₂</li> <li>FADH₂enters the electron transport chain</li></ol>

Question 14

<p>Which of the oxidation of FADH₂and NADH generates more ATP per molecule?</p>

Answer 14

<p>NADH</p>

Question 15

<p>What is the disadvantage of using substrates from the cytosol?</p>

Answer 15

<p>An energetic price is paid getting them into the mitochondria</p>

Question 16

<p>What are the 4 proteins that make up the electron transport chain?</p>

Answer 16

<ol> <li>NADH-Q Oxidoreductase</li> <li>Succinate-Q reductase</li> <li>Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase</li> <li>Cytochrome C oxidase</li></ol>

<p></p>

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Question 17

<p>How many of the 4 proteins of the electron transport chain push protons across?</p>

Answer 17

<p>3</p>

Question 18

<p>What proteins of the electron transport chain push protons acorss?</p>

Answer 18

<p>NADH-Q oxidoreductase (1)</p>

<p>Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase (3)</p>

<p>Cytochrome C oxidase (4)</p>

Question 19

<p>What impacts the amount of energy you can yield from electron carriers?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Which protein of the electron transport chain they use, as succinate-Q reductase doesn't push protons through</p>

Question 20

<p>What does complex 1 (NADH-Q oxidoreductase) do?</p>

Answer 20

<p>Oxideses NADH and passes e^-onto ubiquinone to make ubiquinol (QH₂)</p>

<p>Passes H⁺into the intermembrane space</p>

Question 21

<p>What centres does complex 1 (NADH-Q reductase) use?</p>

Answer 21

<p>Fe-S centres</p>

<p>FMN (flavin mononuleotide)</p>

Question 22

<p>What does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) do?</p>

Answer 22

<p>OxidisesFADH₂and passes e^-to ubinquinone which becomes ubiquinol (QH₂)</p>

Question 23

<p>What centres does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) utilise?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Fe-S centres</p>

Question 24

<p>What does the haem group do in complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase)?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Stops stray electrons from going somewhere else</p>

Question 25

<p>What is ubiquinone (Q) called in the mitochondria?</p>

Answer 25

<p>Q₁₀(10 isoprene repeats)</p>

Question 26

<p>What are ubiquinone's other names?</p>

Answer 26

<p>Q₁₀</p>

<p>Coenzyme Q₁₀</p>

Question 27

<p>What does complex 3 (Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase) do?</p>

Answer 27

<p>Takes electrons from QH₂(converting it back to Q) and passes them to Cytochrome C</p>

<p>Pumps protons into intermembrane space</p>

Question 28

<p>What does the oxidation of one molecule of QH₂produce?</p>

Answer 28

<p>2 molecules of reduced cytochrome C</p>

Question 29

<p>What does complex 4 (Cytochrome C oxidase) do?</p>

Answer 29

<p>Takes electrons from cytochrome C and passes them to O₂)</p>

<p>Pumps protons into the intermembrane space</p>

Question 30

<p>What centres does complex 4 (Cytochrome C reductase) utilise?</p>

Answer 30

<p>Fe-Cu centres</p>

Question 31

<p>What do electrons cause protons to do?</p>

Answer 31

<p>Work which generates a proton gradient</p>

Question 32

<p>What are the two carriers used in the electron transport chain?</p>

Answer 32

<p>NADH</p>

<p>FADH₂</p>

Question 33

<p>Where does the NADH that is used in the electron transport chain come from?</p>

Answer 33

<p>Glycolysis</p>

<p>Citric acid cycle</p>

<p>B-oxidation</p>

Question 34

<p>Where does the FADH₂that is used in the electron transport chain come from?</p>

Answer 34

<p>B-oxidation</p>

<p>NADH via G-3-P shuttle</p>

Question 35

<p>How many hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped per electron?</p>

Answer 35

<p>1</p>

Question 36

<p>What is the enzyme that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP?</p>

Answer 36

<p>ATP synthase</p>

Question 37

<p>What is the energy stored in the proton gradient used by?</p>

Answer 37

<p>EMF (allows proton gradient to do work)</p>

<p>ATP synthase (acts as a molecular turbine which harnesses the energy of the gradient)</p>

Question 38

<p>What is chemiosmosis?</p>

Answer 38

<p>Protons moving from the matrix to the outer of the inside mitochondrial membrane as e^-pass through the complex of the electron transport chain</p>

Question 39

<p>What is a proton motive force?</p>

Answer 39

<p>When protons are allowed to flow back down their concentration gradient they release energy to do work</p>

Question 40

<p>What happens once protons eventually flow back down their concentration gradients?</p>

Answer 40

<p>ATP synthase sits on these sites which uses the energy from them passing through to convert ADP + P_i→ ATP</p>

Question 41

<p>What are the 2 parts of ATP synthase?</p>

Answer 41

<p>F₀(membrane bound protein)</p>

<p>F₁(protrudes into mitochondrial matrix)</p>

Question 42

<p>What is F₀?</p>

Answer 42

<p>Has 10 subunits that connect it to F₁</p>

Question 43

<p>What is F₁?</p>

Answer 43

<p>Produces ATP from proton motive force energy connected by F₀</p>

Question 44

<p>What is the process of ATP synthase performing its function?</p>

Answer 44

<ol> <li>ADP + P_ienter beta sub unit</li> <li>Rotation of F₀cylander and gamma shaft causes a confirmational change in the beta subunit of F₁</li> <li>Catalyses ADP + P_i→ ATP</li></ol>

Question 45

<p>What is most of the energy used by ATP synthase required for?</p>

Answer 45

<p>Releasing the formed ATP</p>

Question 46

<p>How many H⁺leave as one goes in?</p>

Answer 46

<p>1</p>

Question 47

<p>How does the sequential conformational change of the beta subunit of F₁work?</p>

Answer 47

<p>B₁binds ADP + P_i(ready to react)</p>

<p>B₂binds ATP (ready to be released)</p>

<p>B₃doesn't bind ATP (empty)</p>

Question 48

<p>When does F₀rotate?</p>

Answer 48

<p>Once every 2 protons enter the space</p>

Question 49

<p>How much ATP does 3 H⁺produce?</p>

Answer 49

<p>1 molecule</p>

Question 50

<p>Why does NADH pump more protons than FADH₂?</p>

Answer 50

<p>It enters the first complex whereas FADH₂enters the second</p>

Question 51

<p>Stoichiochemically, how much ATP does NADH and FADH2produce?</p>

Answer 51

<p>NADH generates 2.5 molecules of ATP per molecule</p>

<p>FADH₂generates 1.5 molecules of ATP per molecule</p>

Question 52

<p>What is the total yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?</p>

Answer 52

<p>30 or 32 molecules of ATP, most from electron carriers</p>

Question 53

<p>What happens if the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to H⁺?</p>

Answer 53

<p>H⁺concentration gradient cannot be generated</p>

<p>Electron transport chain reduces O₂to H₂0 still, but no ATP is generated</p>

<p>Energy is released as heat instead</p>

Question 54

<p>What is it called when the inner mitochondrial becomes permeable to H⁺?</p>

Answer 54

<p>Uncoupling</p>

Question 55

<p>When is uncoupling intentional and why?</p>

Answer 55

<p>In brown fat to generate heat</p>