Tumour Pathology 2

Question 1

<p>What are the 2 groups of genes that cause cancer?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Suppresor genes</p>

<p>Oncogenes (promote tumour development, are normally switched of)</p>

Question 2

<p>What are some properties of cancers?</p>

Answer 2

<p>Altered cellular function</p>

<p>Abnormal morphology</p>

<p>Cells capable of independant growth</p>

<p>No single feature is unique to tumour cells</p>

<p>Tumour biomarkers</p>

Question 3

<p>What is the altered function in cancers?</p>

Answer 3

<p>Loss of cell to cell adhesion</p>

<p>Altered cell to matrix adhesion</p>

<p>Production of tumour related proteins (tumour biomarkers)</p>

Question 4

<p>What are tumour biomarkers?</p>

Answer 4

<p>Ono-fetal proteins</p>

<p>Oncogenes</p>

<p>Growth factor and receptors</p>

<p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors</p>

Question 5

<p>What are tumour biomarkers used clinically for?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Screening</p>

<p>Diagnosis</p>

<p>Prognostic (identifying patients with specific outcome)</p>

<p>Predictive (identifying patients who will response to a particular therapy)</p>

Question 6

<p>What is the difference between diagnosis and screening?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Diagnosis is once the patient is already symptomatic whereas screening is before the symptoms are apparent</p>

Question 7

<p>What are some examples of tumour biomarkers?</p>

Answer 7

<p>Alpha-fetoprotein</p>

<p>Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)</p>

<p>Oestrogen receptor</p>

<p>Prostate specific antigen</p>

<p>Kras</p>

<p>Braf</p>

<p>EGFR</p>

<p>PD-L1</p>

<p>Her2</p>

Question 8

<p>What cancer shows alpha-fetoprotein?</p>

Answer 8

<p>Teratoma of testis</p>

<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma</p>

Question 9

<p>What cancer shows carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)?</p>

Answer 9

<p>Colorectal cancer</p>

Question 10

<p>What cancer shows oestrogen receptors?</p>

Answer 10

<p>Breast cancer</p>

Question 11

<p>What cancer shows prostate specific antigen?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Prostate cancer</p>

Question 12

<p>What cancer shows Kras?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Colorectal cancer</p>

Question 13

<p>What cancer shows Braf?</p>

Answer 13

<p>Melanoma</p>

Question 14

<p>What cancer shows EGFR?</p>

Answer 14

<p>Lung cancer</p>

Question 15

<p>What cancer shows PD-L1?</p>

Answer 15

<p>Lung cancer</p>

Question 16

<p>What cancer shows Her2?</p>

Answer 16

<p>Breast cancer</p>

<p>Gastric cancer</p>

Question 17

<p>What do you see in morphology of cancer?</p>

Answer 17

<p>Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism (marked variation in size and shape)</p>

<p>Mitosis present and often abnormal (cell division not normal as chromosomes are not structured)</p>

Question 18

<p>What is tumour growth a balance between?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Cell growth (angiogenesis) and cell death (apoptosis)</p>

Question 19

<p>What happens during tumour angiogenesis?</p>

Answer 19

<p>New blood vessels are formed by the tumours that provides a route for the release of tumour cells in circulation</p>

Question 20

<p>What does greater tumour angiogenesis mean?</p>

Answer 20

<p>Poorer prognosis (outcome)</p>

Question 21

<p>What is apoptosis?</p>

Answer 21

<p>The mechanism for programmed cell death</p>

Question 22

<p>What is metastasis?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Spread of cancer</p>

Question 23

<p>What are metastatic tumours?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Secondary tumours</p>

Question 24

<p>What is a major clinical problem of cancer?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Formation of metastatic tumours</p>

Question 25

<p>What is invasion and metastasis due to?</p>

Answer 25

<p>Increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes</p>

<p>Altered cell to cell and cell to matrix adhesion</p>

Question 26

<p>What is the cell to cell adhesion of tumours like throughout their lifetime?</p>

Answer 26

<p>At some point they need to be stuck together, and at other points they need to be seperate to spread</p>

Question 27

<p>What are different modes for the spread of cancer?</p>

Answer 27

<p>Local spread (invastion of primary tumours in adjacent structures)</p>

<p>Lymphatic spread (to lymph nodes)</p>

<p>Blood spread (to other tissues and organs in the body)</p>

<p>Trans-coelomic spread (through cavities such as pleural)</p>

Question 28

<p>What is the process of tumour invasion?</p>

Answer 28

<p>1) Malignant tumour</p>

<p>2) Invasion into connective tissue</p>

<p>3) Invastion into lymph/blood vessels</p>

Question 29

<p>What is the process of tumour metastasis via lymphatics?</p>

Answer 29

<p>1) Adherance of tumour cells to lymph vessels</p>

<p>2) Invasion from lymphatics</p>

<p>3) Invastion into lymph nodes</p>

<p>4) Formation of metastasis in lymph node</p>

<p>5) Clinical evidence of metastasis</p>

Question 30

<p>What is the process of tumour metastasis via blood?</p>

Answer 30

<p>1) Adherance of tumour cells to blood vessels</p>

<p>2) Invasion from blood vessels</p>

<p>3) Invasion into tissue</p>

<p>4) Formation of metastasis</p>

<p>5) Clinical evidence of metastasis</p>

Question 31

<p>What is trans-coelomic spread?</p>

Answer 31

<p>Special form of local spread where tumour cells spread across body cavities such as pleural or peritoneal</p>

Question 32

<p>What kinds of tumours show trans-coelomic spread?</p>

Answer 32

<p>Lung</p>

<p>Stomach</p>

<p>Colon</p>

<p>Ovary</p>

Question 33

<p>What is the site of tumour metastasis related to?</p>

Answer 33

<p>The tumour, not the tissue blood flow</p>

Question 34

<p>What are common sites of metastasis?</p>

Answer 34

<p>Liver</p>

<p>Lung</p>

<p>Brain</p>

<p>Bone (axial skeleton)</p>

<p>Adrenal gland</p>

<p>Omentum/perioneum</p>

Question 35

<p>What are uncommon sites of metastasis?</p>

Answer 35

<p>Spleen</p>

<p>Kidney</p>

<p>Skeletal muscle</p>

<p>Heart</p>

Question 36

<p>What is the spread of tumours from sites like?</p>

Answer 36

<p>Tumours from tissues often commonly metastasis to specific sites</p>

Question 37

<p>Where do breast tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>

Answer 37

<p>Bone</p>

Question 38

<p>Where do prostate tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>

Answer 38

<p>Bone</p>

Question 39

<p>Where do colorectal tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>

Answer 39

<p>Liver</p>

Question 40

<p>Where do ovary tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>

Answer 40

<p>Omentium/perioneum</p>