Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards
<p>What are the 2 groups of genes that cause cancer?</p>
<p>Suppresor genes</p>
<p>Oncogenes (promote tumour development, are normally switched of)</p>
<p>What are some properties of cancers?</p>
<p>Altered cellular function</p>
<p>Abnormal morphology</p>
<p>Cells capable of independant growth</p>
<p>No single feature is unique to tumour cells</p>
<p>Tumour biomarkers</p>
<p>What is the altered function in cancers?</p>
<p>Loss of cell to cell adhesion</p>
<p>Altered cell to matrix adhesion</p>
<p>Production of tumour related proteins (tumour biomarkers)</p>
<p>What are tumour biomarkers?</p>
<p>Ono-fetal proteins</p>
<p>Oncogenes</p>
<p>Growth factor and receptors</p>
<p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors</p>
<p>What are tumour biomarkers used clinically for?</p>
<p>Screening</p>
<p>Diagnosis</p>
<p>Prognostic (identifying patients with specific outcome)</p>
<p>Predictive (identifying patients who will response to a particular therapy)</p>
<p>What is the difference between diagnosis and screening?</p>
<p>Diagnosis is once the patient is already symptomatic whereas screening is before the symptoms are apparent</p>
<p>What are some examples of tumour biomarkers?</p>
<p>Alpha-fetoprotein</p>
<p>Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)</p>
<p>Oestrogen receptor</p>
<p>Prostate specific antigen</p>
<p>Kras</p>
<p>Braf</p>
<p>EGFR</p>
<p>PD-L1</p>
<p>Her2</p>
<p>What cancer shows alpha-fetoprotein?</p>
<p>Teratoma of testis</p>
<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma</p>
<p>What cancer shows carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)?</p>
<p>Colorectal cancer</p>
<p>What cancer shows oestrogen receptors?</p>
<p>Breast cancer</p>
<p>What cancer shows prostate specific antigen?</p>
<p>Prostate cancer</p>
<p>What cancer shows Kras?</p>
<p>Colorectal cancer</p>
<p>What cancer shows Braf?</p>
<p>Melanoma</p>
<p>What cancer shows EGFR?</p>
<p>Lung cancer</p>
<p>What cancer shows PD-L1?</p>
<p>Lung cancer</p>
<p>What cancer shows Her2?</p>
<p>Breast cancer</p>
<p>Gastric cancer</p>
<p>What do you see in morphology of cancer?</p>
<p>Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism (marked variation in size and shape)</p>
<p>Mitosis present and often abnormal (cell division not normal as chromosomes are not structured)</p>
<p>What is tumour growth a balance between?</p>
<p>Cell growth (angiogenesis) and cell death (apoptosis)</p>
<p>What happens during tumour angiogenesis?</p>
<p>New blood vessels are formed by the tumours that provides a route for the release of tumour cells in circulation</p>
<p>What does greater tumour angiogenesis mean?</p>
<p>Poorer prognosis (outcome)</p>
<p>What is apoptosis?</p>
<p>The mechanism for programmed cell death</p>
<p>What is metastasis?</p>
<p>Spread of cancer</p>
<p>What are metastatic tumours?</p>
<p>Secondary tumours</p>
<p>What is a major clinical problem of cancer?</p>
<p>Formation of metastatic tumours</p>
<p>What is invasion and metastasis due to?</p>
<p>Increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes</p>
<p>Altered cell to cell and cell to matrix adhesion</p>
<p>What is the cell to cell adhesion of tumours like throughout their lifetime?</p>
<p>At some point they need to be stuck together, and at other points they need to be seperate to spread</p>
<p>What are different modes for the spread of cancer?</p>
<p>Local spread (invastion of primary tumours in adjacent structures)</p>
<p>Lymphatic spread (to lymph nodes)</p>
<p>Blood spread (to other tissues and organs in the body)</p>
<p>Trans-coelomic spread (through cavities such as pleural)</p>
<p>What is the process of tumour invasion?</p>
<p>1) Malignant tumour</p>
<p>2) Invasion into connective tissue</p>
<p>3) Invastion into lymph/blood vessels</p>
<p>What is the process of tumour metastasis via lymphatics?</p>
<p>1) Adherance of tumour cells to lymph vessels</p>
<p>2) Invasion from lymphatics</p>
<p>3) Invastion into lymph nodes</p>
<p>4) Formation of metastasis in lymph node</p>
<p>5) Clinical evidence of metastasis</p>
<p>What is the process of tumour metastasis via blood?</p>
<p>1) Adherance of tumour cells to blood vessels</p>
<p>2) Invasion from blood vessels</p>
<p>3) Invasion into tissue</p>
<p>4) Formation of metastasis</p>
<p>5) Clinical evidence of metastasis</p>
<p>What is trans-coelomic spread?</p>
<p>Special form of local spread where tumour cells spread across body cavities such as pleural or peritoneal</p>
<p>What kinds of tumours show trans-coelomic spread?</p>
<p>Lung</p>
<p>Stomach</p>
<p>Colon</p>
<p>Ovary</p>
<p>What is the site of tumour metastasis related to?</p>
<p>The tumour, not the tissue blood flow</p>
<p>What are common sites of metastasis?</p>
<p>Liver</p>
<p>Lung</p>
<p>Brain</p>
<p>Bone (axial skeleton)</p>
<p>Adrenal gland</p>
<p>Omentum/perioneum</p>
<p>What are uncommon sites of metastasis?</p>
<p>Spleen</p>
<p>Kidney</p>
<p>Skeletal muscle</p>
<p>Heart</p>
<p>What is the spread of tumours from sites like?</p>
<p>Tumours from tissues often commonly metastasis to specific sites</p>
<p>Where do breast tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>
<p>Bone</p>
<p>Where do prostate tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>
<p>Bone</p>
<p>Where do colorectal tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>
<p>Liver</p>
<p>Where do ovary tumours commonly metastasis to?</p>
<p>Omentium/perioneum</p>
