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0. Foundations of Medicine > Introduction to Blood > Flashcards

Introduction to Blood Flashcards

1
Q

<p>How much blood does the average 70kg man have?</p>

A

<p>5L of blood</p>

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2
Q

<p>How is the 5L of blood in the average 70kg man distributed?</p>

A

<p>1L in the lungs</p>

<p>3L in the systematic venous circulation</p>

<p>1L in the heart and anterior circulation</p>

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3
Q

<p>Do men or woman have more blood?</p>

A

<p>Men have more due to woman losing some each month during menstration</p>

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4
Q

<p>What percentage of a womans body weight is blood?</p>

A

<p>7.8%</p>

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5
Q

<p>What are some of the functions of blood?</p>

A

<p>Carriage of physiologically active compounds</p>

<p>Clotting</p>

<p>Defence</p>

<p>Cariage of gas</p>

<p>Thermoregulation</p>

<p>Maintanence of ECF pH</p>

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6
Q

<p>How much blood do new born babies have?</p>

A

<p>350ml</p>

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7
Q

<p>What is blood composed of?</p>

A

<p>Plamsa</p>

<p>Red blood cells</p>

<p>White blood cells</p>

<p>Platelets</p>

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8
Q

<p>How much water is plasma made of?</p>

A

<p>95% water</p>

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9
Q

<p>What percentage of our body weight is plasma?</p>

A

<p>4%</p>

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10
Q

<p>What does plasma do?</p>

A

<p>Circulates biologically active molecules</p>

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11
Q

<p>What are the 3 categories of plasma proteins?</p>

A

<p>Albumin</p>

<p>Globulin (subdevided into alpha, beta and gamma globulins)</p>

<p>Fibrinogen and other clotting factors</p>

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12
Q

<p>What is albumin?</p>

A

<p>A transport protein that binds to drugs, steroid hormones and lipids</p>

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13
Q

<p>What are alpha and beta globulins?</p>

A

<p>Transport proteins that transfer lipids and fat soluble vitamins</p>

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14
Q

<p>What are gamma globulins?</p>

A

<p>Antibodies</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the advantage of using transport proteins?</p>

A

<p>Stabalised form of transport, water soluble molecules are excreted readily whereas plasma proteins are too big for the kidney to filter out</p>

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16
Q

<p>What kind of pressure to plasma proteins create?</p>

A

<p>Plasma proteins create oncotic pressure</p>

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17
Q

<p>Why do plasma proteins create oncotic pressure?</p>

A

<p>Due to not crossing the cappilary wall</p>

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18
Q

<p>What does the oncotic pressure do?</p>

A

<p>Creates a force that pulls water from interstitual space, taking Na+and glucose with it</p>

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19
Q

<p>What does the interstitual fluid act as?</p>

A

<p>A resevoir that maintains the plasma volume</p>

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20
Q

<p>What does the net movement between cappilary and interstitual space depend on?</p>

A

<p>Cappilary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) favours movement out of the cappilary</p>

<p>Plasma protein concentration favours movement into the cappilary</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is hypoproteinaemia?</p>

A

<p>Abnormally low levels of circulatory plasma proteins</p>

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22
Q

<p>What are some causes of hypoproteinaemia?</p>

A

<p>Prolonged starvation</p>

<p>Liver disease</p>

<p>Intestinal disease</p>

<p>Nephrosis (kidney disease)</p>

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23
Q

<p>What is haematopoises?</p>

A

<p>Production of all types of blood cells</p>

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24
Q

What is a diagram of haematoposis?

A
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25
Q

<p>Do all diseases effect all kinds of blood cells?</p>

A

<p>Some diseases only effect myeloid cells and some only effect lymphoid cells</p>

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26
Q

<p>What is another name for red blood cells?</p>

A

<p>Erythrocytes</p>

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27
Q

<p>What is the lifespan of red blood cells?</p>

A

<p>120 days</p>

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28
Q

<p>What is the structure of red blood cells like?</p>

A

<p>Biconcave and highly flexible</p>

29
Q

<p>Do RBC have one or zero nucleus?</p>

A

<p>No nucleus</p>

30
Q

<p>What are red blood cells densily packed with?</p>

A

<p>Haemoglobin to carry oxygen</p>

31
Q

<p>What are the two appearences of haemoglobin due to changing colour depending on the amount of oxygen?</p>

A

<p>Oxyhaemoglobin (arterior)</p>

<p>Deoxyhaemoglobin (venous)</p>

32
Q

<p>What are myeloid cells?</p>

A

<p>All cells in the blood that are not lymphocytes</p>

33
Q

<p>What is erythropoiesis?</p>

A

<p>Red blood cell formation</p>

34
Q

<p>What is erythopoiesis controlled and accerlerated by?</p>

A

<p>Erythroprotein</p>

35
Q

<p>When is the secretion of erythoprotein enhanced?</p>

A

<p>During hypoxia (oxygen delivery to the kidneys is reduced)</p>

36
Q

<p>What could cause hypoxia?</p>

A

<p>Haemorrhage</p>

<p>Anaemia</p>

<p>Cardiac dysfunction</p>

<p>Lung disease</p>

37
Q

<p>What kind of a loop is the production of red blood cells?</p>

A

<p>Negative feedback</p>

38
Q

<p>What is erythroprotein secreted by?</p>

A

<p>85% peritubular capillary cells</p>

<p>15% hepatocytes</p>

39
Q

<p>What are leukocytes?</p>

A

<p>White blood cells</p>

40
Q

<p>What are some properties of leukocytes?</p>

A

<p>Nucleated</p>

<p>Involved in defence against pathogens</p>

<p>Larger than RBCs</p>

<p>Less in quantity than RBCs</p>

41
Q

<p>What are the different kinds of white blood cells?</p>

A

<p>Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)</p>

<p>Argranulocytes (monocytes or lymphocytes)</p>

42
Q

<p>What are the different kinds of granulocytes?</p>

A

<p>Neutrophils</p>

<p>Eosinophils</p>

<p>Basophils</p>

43
Q

<p>What are the different kinds of argranulocytes?</p>

A

<p>Monocytes</p>

<p>Lymphocytes</p>

44
Q

<p>What are the different kinds of lymphocytes?</p>

A

<p>B cells</p>

<p>T cells (killer and helper)</p>

45
Q

<p>What is leukopoises?</p>

A

<p>White blood cell formation</p>

46
Q

<p>What is leikopoises controlled by?</p>

A

<p>A cocktail of cytokines (proteins/peptides released from one cell type to be used on another)</p>

47
Q

<p>What is a cytokine?</p>

A

<p>A protein/peptide released from one cell type to be used on another</p>

48
Q

<p>What are cytokines released from?</p>

A

<p>Endothelial cells</p>

<p>Fibroblasts</p>

<p>Mature white blood cells</p>

49
Q

<p>What do cytokines stimulate?</p>

A

<p>Mitosis</p>

<p>Maturation of leukocyte</p>

50
Q

<p>What does differential stimulation of leukocytes respond to?</p>

A

<p>The type of infection:</p>

<p>Bacterial generates neutrophils</p>

<p>Viral generates lymphocytes</p>

51
Q

<p>What does a bacterial infection stimulate the differentiation of?</p>

A

<p>Neutrophils</p>

52
Q

<p>What does a viral infection stimulate the differentiation of?</p>

A

<p>Lymphocytes</p>

53
Q

<p>What are platelets?</p>

A

<p>Membrane bound cell fragements from megakaryocytes</p>

54
Q

<p>What is the life span of platelets?</p>

A

<p>10 days</p>

55
Q

<p>Do platelets have 1 or 0 nuclei?</p>

A

<p>Rarely nucleated</p>

56
Q

<p>What is the formation of platelets governed by?</p>

A

<p>Thrombopoietin</p>

57
Q

<p>What do platelets do?</p>

A

<p>Adhere to damaged cells vessel walls to mediate the blood clotting</p>

58
Q

<p>What is haematocrit?</p>

A

<p>Haematocrit tells you how many RBCs you have as a percentage of your total blood volume</p>

59
Q

<p>What is the normal range of RBCs of total blood volume?</p>

A

<p>40-54% in males</p>

<p>37-47% in females</p>

60
Q

<p>What is the yellow in blood plasma?</p>

A

<p>Bilirutin</p>

61
Q

<p>When is bilirutin produced and where is it metabolised?</p>

A

<p>Bilirutin is produced after red blood cells are broken down and it is metabolised in the liver</p>

62
Q

<p>What is viscocity?</p>

A

<p>How thick a substance is compared to water</p>

63
Q

<p>What is the viscocity of plasma?</p>

A

<p>1.8x thicker than water</p>

64
Q

<p>What is the viscocity of white blood?</p>

A

<p>3-4x thicker than water</p>

65
Q

<p>What does viscocity depend on?</p>

A

<p>Haematocrit</p>

<p>Temperature</p>

<p>Flow rate</p>

66
Q

<p>How does the haematocrit effect viscocity?</p>

A

<p>50% increase in haematocrit increases viscocity by 100%</p>

67
Q

<p>How does temperature effect the viscocity?</p>

A

<p>Increase in 1oC decreases viscocity by 2%</p>

68
Q

<p>How does flow rate effect viscocity?</p>

A

<p>Decreased flow rate increases viscocity</p>

69
Q

<p>What makes it harder for your heart to pump blood?</p>

A

<p>The blood being thicker</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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