Introduction to Medical Microbiology 2

Question 1

What are the 5 possible infecting agents?

Answer 1

BacteriaVirusesFungiParasitesPrions

Question 2

What is the specimen collection for a urinary tract infection?

Answer 2

Mid stream urine

Question 3

What is the specimen collection for a chest infection?

Answer 3

sputum

Question 4

What is the specimen collection for tonsillitis/pharyngitis

Answer 4

Throat swab

Question 5

What is the specimen collection for the site of infection or a wound?

Answer 5

Swab or pus

Question 6

What is the specimen collection for diarrhoea?

Answer 6

Faeces

Question 7

What is the specimen collection for bacteraemia?

Answer 7

Blood culture

Question 8

What is the specimen collection for meningitis?

Answer 8

CBS

Question 9

What does unstained microscopy allow you to see?

Answer 9

Pus cells (urine, CSF)Parasites (faeces)

Question 10

What does a gram stain allow you to see in microscopy?

Answer 10

Bacteria yeast and fungi

Question 11

What does a ZN stain or an auramine stain allow you to see?

Answer 11

Mycobacteria (a bacterium of a group which includes the causative agents of leprosy and tuberculosis)

Question 12

What infecting agent is not visible in light microscope?

Answer 12

Viruses

Question 13

What is the difference in the function between gram stain microscopy and culture?

Answer 13

Microscopy is rapid, insensitive, can’t identify a particular speciesCulture is slower, more sensitive and the conditions are suitable for the expected species

Question 14

How is the species identified?

Answer 14

Observable characters - Morphological, physiological, biochemiclaDNA testsTyping - determines the strain within the species

Question 15

What are the sterile sites within the body?

Answer 15

Blood, CSF, Lung, Bladder

Question 16

What are the non-sterile sites in the body?

Answer 16

Skin, Nasopharynx, Urethra, Gut

Question 17

How are viral infections diagnosed?

Answer 17

Electron miscroscopy, Cell or tissue cultureAntigen detectionDetection of cytopathic effect (structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion)Molecular methods including real time PCRSerological to determine immunity (serology is the investigation of blood serum with regard to the response to an introduced pathogen or introduced substance.

Question 18

§- What are the three different types of parasites?

Answer 18

Protozoa - malariaHelminths (worms)Arthropods - lice

Question 19

§ - How can parasites be diagnosed?

Answer 19

Microscopy of different stages - parasites, cysts and ova- blood films for malariaCulture rarely possibleSometimes serology is useful

Question 20

Give some examples of healthcare acquired infection

Answer 20

Meticillin resistant Staph Aureus - MRSAClostridium difficileNorovirusesESBL’s - Organisms with extended spectrum beta lactamases