Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

0. Foundations of Medicine > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What are the two types of immunity?</p>

A

<p>Adaptive</p>

<p>Innate</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

<p>What is innate immunity?</p>

A

<p>First line defence from infection in a non-specific manner</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

<p>What is adaptive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Highly specialised elimination of pathogens with the creation of an immunological memory</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

<p>What are the two forms of adaptive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Active</p>

<p>Passive</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

<p>What is active immunity?</p>

A

<p>Protection produced by your own immune system</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

<p>What is passive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Immune response that involves antibodies that are obtained from outside the body</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

<p>What are the two forms of active and passive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Natural</p>

<p>Artificial</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

<p>What are examples of natural artificial active immunity?</p>

A

<p>Active natural immunity is infection or exposure</p>

<p>Active artificial immunity is immunisation vaccines</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

<p>What are examples of natural and artificial passive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Natural passive immunity is mother passing on antibodies to baby</p>

<p>Artificial passive immunity is immunological therapy</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

<p>Which of active and passive immunity are specific?</p>

A

<p>Both of them, being part of the adaptive immune system</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

<p>What kind of adaptive immunity creates immunological memory?</p>

A

<p>Only active, not passive</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

<p>What are advantages of passive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Gives immediate protection</p>

<p>Quick fix</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

<p>What are disadvantages of passive immunity?</p>

A

<p>No immunological memory</p>

<p>Could lead to serum sickness (incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen resulting in anaphylaxis)</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

<p>What is an advantage of active immunity?</p>

A

<p>Long term immunity due to the creation of immunological memory</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

<p>What is a disadvantage of active immunity?</p>

A

<p>No immediate effect</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

<p>What does an immunological memory allow?</p>

A

<p>A larger, more effective and more precise response on re-exposure</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

<p>What is vaccination?</p>

A

<p>Adminstration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to the pathogen</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

<p>What are common diseases that we vaccinate?</p>

A

<p>Measles</p>

<p>Mumps</p>

<p>Rebella</p>

<p>Polio</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

<p>What are different kinds of vaccines?</p>

A

<p>Killed whole organism</p>

<p>Attenuated whole organism (mainly virsuses)</p>

<p>Subunit (recombinant proteins)</p>

<p>Toxoid (toxin treated with formalin)</p>

20
Q

<p>What is a risk of using a killed whole organism as a vaccine?</p>

A

<p>Must be killed efffectively as any live virus can result in disease</p>

21
Q

<p>What is an advantage and disadvantage of using an attenuated whole organism as a vaccine?</p>

A

<p>Very powerful and better than killed</p>

<p>Refrigeration required</p>

22
Q

<p>What is an advantage and a disadvantage of using a subunit as a vaccine?</p>

A

<p>Safe</p>

<p>Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant</p>

23
Q

<p>What is an adjuvant?</p>

A

<p>Enhances an antigen specific immune response</p>

24
Q

<p>What is an attenuated whole organism?</p>

A

<p>Avirulent strain of target organism</p>

25
Q

<p>What is the attenuation mechanism?</p>

A

<p>1) Pathogenic virus is isolated from patient and grown in human cultured cells</p>

<p>2) Cultured virus is used to infect monkeys</p>

<p>3) Virus acquires mutations to allow it to grow in monkey cells</p>

<p>4) Virus no longer grows in human cells and can be used as a vaccine</p>

26
Q

<p>What do children have to protect them from common pathogens?</p>

A

<p>An immunisation schedule that lasts from birth until up to 18 years old</p>

27
Q

<p>What are some vaccines that are apart of a child's immunisation schedule?</p>

A

<p>Tetanus/polio at 2/4months</p>

<p>Influenza at 2/4 years</p>

<p>HPV at 13 years (females only)</p>

<p>Tetanus/polio at 13/18 years</p>

28
Q

<p>Who are tuberculosis (BCG) and hepatisis B vaccines given to?</p>

A

<p>People at birth who have increased risk to exposure</p>

29
Q

<p>What are examples of high risk groups?</p>

A

<p>Elderly (given influenza and shingles)</p>

<p>IV drug users (given hepatitis A/B)</p>

<p>Chronic medical conditions (given S pneumoniae and influenza)</p>

<p>Occupational risk (given hepatitis A/B and bacillus anthracis)</p>

30
Q

<p>What are people from high risk groups given?</p>

A

<p>Additional vaccines</p>

31
Q

<p>What kinds of vaccines are people who are travelling given?</p>

A

<p>Hepatitis A</p>

<p>Typhoid</p>

<p>Cholera</p>

<p>Yellow fever</p>

<p>Rabies</p>

32
Q

<p>What are contraindications?</p>

A

<p>When using a vaccine can cause serious adverse reactions due to other medical conditions</p>

33
Q

<p>What are the different kinds of contraindications?</p>

A

<p>Temporary</p>

<p>Permanent</p>

34
Q

<p>What are examples of temporary contraindications?</p>

A

<p>Febrile illness (illness with unknown cause)</p>

<p>Pregnancy</p>

35
Q

<p>What are examples of permanent contraindications?</p>

A

<p>Allergy</p>

<p>Immunocompromised</p>

36
Q

<p>What is herd immunity?</p>

A

<p>People who are not vaccinated are less likely to become infected with a pathogen due to being less likely to come into contact with it</p>

37
Q

<p>Who does herd immunity protect?</p>

A

<p>People who are unable to be vaccinated such as babies and pregnant woman</p>

38
Q

<p>What are things that make a good vaccine?</p>

A

<p>Potent antibody response</p>

<p>Potent cytotoxic T cell response</p>

<p>Helper T cell response</p>

<p>Creation of immunological memory</p>

39
Q

<p>What are some challenges facing vaccines?</p>

A

<p>Persistance (idealy vaccines should give life long protection)</p>

<p>Generation of memory cells</p>

<p>Protection of vulnerable groups</p>

<p>Antigenic shift and drift, strain diversity in general</p>

<p>Cold chain network</p>

40
Q

<p>What is antigenic drift?</p>

A

<p>Mechanism for variation in viruses due to the accumulation of mutations within genes that code for the antigens</p>

41
Q

<p>What is the purpose of the cold chain network?</p>

A

<p>Maintain the quality of the vaccine from the time of manufacture until the point of administration</p>

42
Q

<p>What is a conjugate vaccine?</p>

A

<p>Conjugation of a carbohydrate to a protein carrier to make the antigen more effective</p>

43
Q

<p>What would weaker antigens lead to?</p>

A

<p>Ineffective B cell priming</p>

44
Q

<p>Why are new borns and the elderly vulnerable?</p>

A

<p>New borns are vulnerable due to having less memory B cells</p>

<p>The elderly are vulnerable due to having less B cells due to bone marrow having become fat over time</p>

45
Q

<p>What is prominant research into vaccines at the moment?</p>

A

<p>Vaccines for cancers by targetting checkpoint inhibitors which can produce powerful anti-tumour responses</p>

46
Q

<p>What is vaccinomics?</p>

A

<p>Individualised vaccinology</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions